Geography Study Chart Places and Regions Essay

Studying the World Regions and Places units in your course Many students find the course content on world regions, countries, and places to be some of the most challenging material to learn. The combination of student unfamiliarity with the world regions and the large volume of information to be learned can be overwhelming. To help you organize your studies, keep in mind WGU’s intention behind this course, which is for competent students to have a strong grasp of the major human and physical geographic conditions that interact to shape our world. When you are studying world region, we want you to emphasize the 1) â€Å"big picture† of the geographic conditions in each world region, 2) the major countries of that region, and 3) how that region relates to the rest of the world. Creating a consistent framework for studying each world region may help you retain the knowledge you need to be successful in this course aspect. We recommend trying to identify the 2-3 most significant / most important physical, cultural, economic, and political characteristics that exist within each world region. We do not guarantee that you are only tested on those features, but the process of identifying the most significant characteristics from the broader range of information about each world region is an excellent study strategy that also will ensure you leave our course with a strong, general knowledge of the major geographic conditions around the world. You are welcome to use the grid, below, to help organize your study material.

Dating Single Parent Essay

Dating and the Single Parent is a book five star book, because Deal has done a marvelous job presenting useful steps for single parents who are divorced and is thinking of re-entering back into a dating relationship, or even remarrying. The book is divided into sections of dating to present a sequential sequence of steps to determine whether the single parent is ready, and what right decisions they need to make if they have children. The book is honest, and practical when it comes to addressing situations that every single parent goes through while trying to reenter the dating life. The book presented questions along with real life realties of dating when there are children involved in the mix. Deals admiration how the book as written from a strong biblical perspective. Deals main goal in this book is to motivate its readers to do the necessary work of a relationship building. The Appendix 2 of the book begins with a sample purity pledge. This section of the book organized activities for dating couples to involve in, such as flirtation and hugging, without having to be sexual involved with one another. Section one of the book focuses on dating with kids and dating willingness. Before an individual is ready to date the individual must have a goal in dating. Deals helps single parents determine whether or not they are ready to re-enter back into the dating world. Some single parents are single due to previous marriages that failed, which lead to divorce. Deal describes divorce as a traumatic experience. Yet some single parents never really get over the horrifying experience of divorce and remain single. But Deal has puts together a checklist to help single parents determine whether or not they are ready for the dating world Deal presents biblical principle throughout the book reminding single parents to always put God first in any relationship decision they decide to make. The part that stood out to me the most in this section was the discussion on when children are involved, how dating gets complicated. Ron Deal gives excellent advice on how to determine if kids are ready for dating, what to expect when dating a single parent, and things to consider before getting engaged, and growing the family into a step-family. Section two gives people supportive advice on right places to capture love. The section is split up into chapters labeled as â€Å"yellow light,† â€Å"red light, â€Å"and â€Å"green light.† Deal provides warning  signs that people should take into consideration when trying to date the opposite sex. Signs that single parents should take into consideration is â€Å"how will this person influence the kids?† â€Å"Is the man willing to date the person and their kids?† Last section Ron Deal provides readers with valuable guidance on marriage commitment, and step families. Deal’s has developed an interest ing perception on step-families. Throughout schooling many people have been taught that blended families were made up of step-families. But Deal argues that step-families should not be looked upon as blended families. Deal encourages single parents to take their time on dating and to trust in God for pursing a health Christian based relationship. Dating and the Single Parent Book so remarkable, because often time’s single parents suffer with trying to regain love, along with trying to find someone to accept their children. Deal offers awesome pointers to finding a relationship with kids, dating, and finding long lasting love. Discipline should always be done with love and with God’s approval, but not to make the children angry Ephesians 6:4(King James Version). Potential Use for Premarital Christian Couples The book, Dating and the Single parent does an excellent job at studying the difficult process of finding love in the center of having children and trying to date. Ron Deal does a marvelous job at citing biblical principles for single parent to follow while dating. I believe it’s unique that Deal offers biblical insight throughout the book. For example Deal refers to Christianity and faith in god when discussing learn all you can about stepfamily living. For example I’ve personally herd family members and friends say that stepfamilies are not Gods ideal for the Christian house hold. Many people believe this tale because they feel as though stepfamily ministry lessen to what God intended. I believe that Deal presents valuable content to premarital couples in the church, since church is the place where all types of families meet to hear spiritual teachings. Deal encourages couples to lean all you can about how stepfamilies function, operate best, and why they have the uni que complexities that they can do. Blended step families seems to be a growing trend in the United States of America. In fact blended families have been around since Christ created earth. Remarkable fact Jesus Christ was a part of a blended family. Remember Mary  and Joseph were in a commitment when she told Joseph she was pregnant. Mary and Joseph had not been sexually intimate when Mary told Joseph she was with child. At times Joseph thought about leaving Mary, but did not. Joseph chose to sick by his pregnant fiancà ©e, who he thought had betrayed him. Joseph was willing to go through the battle of scorn and believed in God. Joseph accepted Gods calling for him to love and care for Mary and Jesus. Ironically when you look at family dynamics point of view you can recognize that Christ, Joseph, and Mary were a blended family, a non-traditional unit. It’s very interesting to study that Christ came into the world experiencing a blended- family. In addition, Deal discusses how it is important for singles to take a good look at themselves in the mirror before trying to date again. When self is able to look, examine them they are able to piece together their motivations for dating, fears, loneliness, and unresolved hurt. In order for an individual to move forward in a healthy relationship one must be able to trust God when making future dating decisions and choices during dating process. Ron Deal teachings in his book presented challenges that face today’s modern Christian blended families. Deal presents awesome techniques to help strength relationships. Ron deal helps single parents and those who are dating understand unique family dynamics. Ron Deal help parents recognize that their families are lobed and favored by God. Critique As a future professional counselor, and friend to others, professional counselors should recommend this book to any person who is single with children, and or someone who is dating an individual who has children. Ron Deal has developed a straightforward spiritual guidebook for Christian single dating. The book Dating and the Single Parent opened up my eyes about the truths of relationship and family compatibility, by presenting scenarios to help me make decision.. It was great the way the author Ron Deal incorporated biblical teachings. Like Ron Deal teaches when a single parent is dating or thinking about remarrying someone, they should choose someone who involves setting a godly example for children and blessing them as God blessed us. Deal suggest all throughout the book for single parents whom are dating to â€Å"trust in God to manage the relationship.† Building a family after being single for so many years takes courage, perseverance,  tough skin, and determination. As mentioned earlier the bible presents many teachings of blended families, like Christ family with Joseph being Christ stepparent. I believe that Ron Deal book goes into great deal about giving guidelines for Christian families experiencing dating, and second marriages, while following biblical principles As Christian stepparents, it is important that they love children who are involved in the family unconditionally. Ministry teaches that it’s important that you don’t marginalize your step kids. It is important that the family that it is forming has some kind of respect and acceptance form one another in the family. As a new parent (step) entering the family they must submit themselves to the children with their heart. Another important principle that Deal discusses is educating oneself on stepfamilies. When single parents blend to create stepfamilies, sometimes the progress is not so successful. Many children do not want change and will become angry and frustrated with new family members. Even though remarriage is supposed to be a wonderful joy, many kids are often not as excited as parent and new stepparent. Deal has put together foundations for building a stepfamily. Deal suggests that single parent should take their time, and give everyone a chance to get to know one another and get use to the idea of marriage. Overall Dating and the Single Parent is a great read for single parents who are dating or who are thinking about entering the dating world. The book focuses on dating, and stepfamily relations. Deal sets forth approaches towards building romantic relationships on a Christian basis. References Demo, D. H., & Acocl, A. C. (2006). Singlehood,marriage,and remarriage the effects of family structure and family relationships n mathers well being. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 338-407. doi:10.1177/019251396017003005 Sweeney, M. M. (2010). Remarriage and stepfamilies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 667-684. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00724.x

An Overview of the Origin of Swimming

An Overview of the Origin of Swimming Written records of swimming date back to near 2000 BC, however, nowhere are strokes or techniques mentioned, children were simply taught to swim. A record from between 2160 BC and 1780 BC from an Egyptian nobleman says â€Å"his children took swimming lessons with the king’s children† (Colwin 4). In addition, many passages from the Biblical Old Testament mention swimming or the act of swimming; such as in the old testament book of Isaiah: â€Å"as he that swimmeth spreadeth forth his hands to swim† (KJV Isa 25:11). Until around the 1500s, no swimming manuals teaching specific techniques existed. In 1559, Sir Everard Digby wrote, in Latin, A short introduction for to learne to swimme. Later Christofer Middleton translated Sir Digby’s work into the common English â€Å"for the better in|struction of those who vnderstand not the Latine tongue† (Digby 1). Digby wrote instructions on how to swim â€Å"like a dog† and â€Å"like a dolphin† as well as many other forms (Digby table of contents). From there, other manuals were written to further refine strokes. While swimming originates as an old pastime, until the early 1800s competitive swimming’s history did not exist because competitive swimming itself did not exist. Up until then, swimming acted as a pleasurable pastime intended more for relaxation than exercise. That mentality shifted during the 19th century in Britain with the opening of St. George’s Baths in 1828, the first indoor public pool. Following that in 1837, the British National Swimming Society made many more indoor pools and began holding swimming competitions (Sharma 1). While the sport remained on the back burner for several decades it steadily grew in popularity until swimming debuted on a global scale in the Grecian Olympics of 1896. In recent decades, athletes such as Mark Spitz, Michael Phelps, Ryan Lochte, Nathan Adrian, Natalie Coughlin, Katie Ladecky, and Missy Franklin have rocketed the swimming world into becoming one of the most televised sports during the summer Olympics. The language the sport of competitive swimming employs many words from non-aquatic sources. For example, the butterfly stroke, though allegedly invented in 1933 by Brooklyn swimmer Henry Myers (Colwin 30). Instead the butterfly stroke derives its name from the butterfly insect since the technique somewhat resembles that of its namesake. Several other words in swimming’s lexicon follow the same mentality. Named not for who invented the technique, but rather for what it looks like. Kicks such as the dolphin and whip kick when categorized in this way provide pristine examples for this method. The dolphin kick looks like that of a dolphin’s tail moving up and down in the water. The whip kick, sometimes called the frog kick, also makes sense because as human legs perform the kick they mimic the action of frog legs. The swim strokes themselves hold other examples of words coming from non-aquatic sources. Butterfly (previously explained), backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle all have nothing to do with water. The back and breast strokes seem to explain themselves, one executed while swimming on your back and the other executed while swimming with your chest or breast side of your body facing downward in the water. While the easiest to swim, freestyle tends to exists as a more complex term to understand. Technically breast, back, and fly exist as alternate strokes for the freestyle though usually traditionally performed as the complete reverse of backstroke. The stroke of free takes on the dictionary definition of â€Å"enjoying personal rights or liberty† (â€Å"free†), which allows swimmers to swim whatever stroke they deem the easiest or the fastest for themselves. Most of the words in the following lexicon find their roots in Germanic languages. Old Norse, Old Dutch, Old English, and even Old Frisian boast the origin of these words. Invented in Britain, competitive swimming has its lexical language background in these and other Proto-Germanic roots. Of the words in the following lexicon only five can have their origins traced back to Latin, French, or Greek. Of the five outliers, three are Latinate in origin. ‘Dolphin’ derived from a term for the animal and the constellation ‘dolphinus’, ‘paddles’ from the Medieval Latin term ‘padela’, and ‘cap’ from the word cappa. The Old French word ‘touch’ from ‘tochier’ joins with a Germanic word ‘pod’ to make the compound ‘tochierpod’ or ‘touchpad’. Finally, swimming gets its word ‘cards’ from the Greek word ‘khartes’. Verbs and nouns entirely comprise the lexicon list, evidence for this observation lies in the reasoning that verbs and nouns describe either an action or a piece of equipment. However, three words defy normal constructs of language. ‘Dolphin’, ‘whip’, and ‘flutter’ are normally used in language as a noun and two verbs respectively. In swimming, these words take on the role of an adjective because they are describing the type of kick used in a stroke (the dolphin kick in butterfly, the whip kick in breaststroke, and the flutter kick in backstroke and freestyle). Swimming, with its complex history of starting as a leisure activity and evolving into a competitive sport, becomes a wonderful example of how a language can adapt its words to fit a new activity. In addition to creating a new lexicon, a competitive swimmer may ignore old definitions as new definitions are created such as the case of ‘dolphin’. The following lexicon presents a collection of twenty swimming terms that demonstrate all of what has been previously written.

Democratic Awakening (1989 - 2009) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democratic Awakening (1989 - 2009) - Essay Example The fall of the Berlin Wall identified the turning point in the 20th-century history with the end of the Cold War in Europe. People were tired of the long period of misery in one of the world’s greatest cities. The Berlin Wall divides Germany for 45 years, and its fall signified that German was once again one country (Sarotte, 2014). In the 20th century, Berlin went through violence and hatred that saw most of the city destroyed during the World War II (1939-1945). The city was separated amongst the nations that won the war during the period of peace. In the East Germany, the Soviet Union established a Communist government and took control of East Berlin. The West Berlin was further divided into three parts that were governed by the Americans, the British, and the French. The East Germany under communism was under a strict Soviet control while the West was made up of free democracies.   The East Berlin was poorer as compared to West Berlin. To stop the movement of people fro m East to West Berlin, the East Germans constructed a wall of iron and concrete through the city in 1961. The fall of the Berlin Wall on 10 November 1989, marked a new era in German (Williams, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚   The fall of Berlin Wall was the beginning of a key shift in Europe since the World War II. This is evident on November 9, 1989, where the East German government announced its effective opening of the Berlin Wall. The period of the collapse of Berlin Wall concentrated on the diplomacy that resulted in the unification of German and realignment of Europe (Wohlforth, 2010).

Mr Kibi is a national of Eritrea and was born on 10th October 1981. He Essay

Mr Kibi is a national of Eritrea and was born on 10th October 1981. He arrived in the United Kingdom in June 2009 on a false pas - Essay Example A refugee becomes one, if his status as an asylum seeker has been upgraded to refugee after being granted asylum.1 In the pursuit of Mr. Kibi to apply for asylum, several pertinent circumstances in his situation should be given attention. Firstly, he arrived in the United Kingdom in June 2009 on a false passport and has been residing and working in the country illegally. Secondly, he did not immediately apply for asylum, claiming that he is not aware of the existence of such process and for fear of being deported back to Eritrea. Thirdly, in his pursuit to leave Eritrea, he has been to several countries including Italy, where he did not claim for asylum due to bad experiences and slow processing of claims. Now, he is applying for asylum in the United Kingdom based on the grounds that he is fearful of his life upon return to Eritrea where he became critical of its government and for deserting his military service. The fact that Mr. Kibi arrived in the country under falsified papers, h e is already legally liable. Under the Identity Cards Act f 2006, particularly Section 25(1), it is an offense for an individual to have an identity document, e.g., passport, that he knowingly obtained improperly with the intention of using as registrable information of himself. Thus, Mr. Kibi’s presentation upon his entry to UK of the false passport is an illegal act. This offense makes it harder for him to gain asylum pursuant to the Refugee Convention’s Article 31(1). Under s. 31 of the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act however, Mr. Kibi still has a defence he can use to gain asylum in UK despite his falsification offense. Section 31 (3) (aa) of the said Asylum Act was amended as a form of defence in cases where there is an offence under s. 25(1) of 2006’s Identity Cards Act.2 This defence may apply to individuals who committed said offense in UK if they can prove that they came in the country because their freedom and their lives are threatened, as defined by the Refugee Convention, if said individual presented himself to UK’s authorities immediately and if good cause was proven for his illegal presence in the country. In cases where in the asylum seeker stopped in another country before entering UK, it is necessary that he showed good cause for not claiming asylum or protection in that country under the Refugee Convention. 3 Given the abovementioned laws and the situation Mr. Kibi has been in, it is wise to first analyse the defence to use under the 1999 Act. His circumstances are indeed grounds for asylum. He can be declared refugee for his fear of being persecuted in Eritrea for reason of his political opinion. As such, his entry in UK using falsified documents can be justified. As Article 31(1) of the 1999 Act states, penalties may not be imposed on a refugee’s illegal entry or presence if their life is threatened in their territory of origin.4 However, certain provisions in this particular Article may run against the a ctual situation of Mr. Kibi. Firstly, under this article, it is stated that penalties may not be imposed, provided the refugee presented himself to the authorities without delay. This is not the case with Mr. Kibi. It took more than a year before he claimed for asylum. It is therefore necessary to prove that he did it for a very good cause and with an acceptable reason. Likewise, as a subsection of

Student organization reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Student organization reflection - Essay Example Consequently, while interacting in the student organizations students make lifelong friendships besides bettering their academic performances. The student organizations hold their meetings like any other formal meeting in their institution meeting room. Those who hold the senior posts in the organization or the executive leaders have their seats on one side while the other organization members seat on the opposite side facing each other. The student overall leader is the chairperson and as well he or she chairs all the meeting besides he or she gives out the agendas and reminds the other members their purpose or reasons of being in the meeting. In this way, the general leader seemed to promote the relational understanding of leadership. The students are able to interact freely but in an official manner whereby they do not interrupt their fellows or the meeting progression. The leader presented his ideas in a systematic way such that all the present members understood and were able to participate in the meeting by asking questions besides presenting their views and opinions. Throughout the meeting process, I learned that all the members were addressing their comments directly to the chairperson. This plainly indicated that the chairperson is the one who is responsible in ensuring smooth progression of the meeting. In that he kept order, facilitated the meeting, he declared the outcomes of the motion, he gave equal opportunities to all the members to contribute, he ensured the discussions reached consensus as well as conducting other tasks. Besides he or she should be at ease with the agenda as well as the other fundamental topics to be discussed in the meeting. As well the chairperson is entitled to summarize the meeting if the need be. For instance, in circumstances such as when the members have lost the focus of the agenda, when

Jerusalem Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Jerusalem - Movie Review Example Understanding the significance of the history of Jerusalem also creates a deeper understanding of the rooted conflicts and beliefs in religion that are a part of Israel today. The main concept which Jennings approaches when looking at Jerusalem is to identify the 4000 years of history that have been identified through the area. The approach which is taken comes in three segments, each which have an exclusive interview with a Christian, Jewish and Muslim family living in Jerusalem. As Jennings’ traces their history, there is a deeper sense of what has occurred during this time frame through the interviews. More important, there is the ability to create a deeper sense of how religion has affected the region, families and those that hold to specific beliefs in Jerusalem. The facts that Jennings’ provides are brief because of the context and main concept of the news story. The division of stories into 15 minute segments as well as the brief ideologies that are stated before these show a different understanding of the history. However, this is limited to the interviews as well as the main ideologies linked to one aspect of the religion. While the viewer is able to have a brief overview, the inability to tap into 4000 years of history with all the factual information leaves several gaps for those that are interested in the portrayal of Jerusalem. This also limits the historical components that are a part of the series, specifically by identifying one part of Jerusalem through exclusive interviews and brief concepts associated with the building of different religions in the holy land. While there is only a brief overview of what has occurred, there is a balance with the different religions. The report includes different backgrounds and practices that are within Jerusalem. For instance, when speaking with the Muslim family, there is history that is traced back for eight centuries. The generations which are traced back link

Macroeconomic convergence, economic growth and financial development Dissertation

Macroeconomic convergence, economic growth and financial development of India - Dissertation Example India is an emerging country that has developed into an open market economy. In 2010, CIA World Fact Book ranks India as 5th in the world economy having $4.06 trillion gross domestic product (GDP.). However, same source indicates there are still traces of its past autarkic policies because of the social democratic policies that have governed the country since 1947 to 1991. At that time, the economy was characterized by extensive regulation, slow growth, protectionism, and corruption. Reforms introduced in early 1990s that included trade and industry liberalization, removal of government control from the industries, and transfer of control of government resource to private business sector accelerated economic growth. Vernani (n.d.) estimated India’s economic growth since 1951 up to 1971 stayed at 3%, and in 1995 went up to 5%. Since 1997, India’s expansion has been more than 7%. India’s growth comes from farming, cultivation, craft, new industries and other ser vices (CIA). Total labor force is 478 million; 52% is in agriculture, 34% is in services and 14% for other industries. India boasts of a large educated English-speaking population that becomes its asset for its export of information technology and software workers. The economic growth slowed down to 6.7% in 2008-2009 but has improved to 7.4% for the rest of 2009 to 2010 (Virnani) Due to big local demand  in 2010, the country recovered strongly from the economic meltdown and has charted over 9% growth. (Virmani,) At this time too, investment growth rate doubled as well as private consumption and imports accelerated; however, government consumption slowed down. Vernani explained that in 2007, investments were over 35%; demands were much higher than previous years; investment rate grew to 18%; domestic demands climbed to 60.1% and a negative rate for exports. However, despite the pronounced growths, CIA showed problems of India that include extensive privation, insufficient infra structures, limited employment opportunities in non-agriculture sector, inadequate way in to quality education, and accommodation of â€Å"rural-to-urban migration†. Financial development in India The process of financial system in India according to Sandhya (2009) †is an interaction of financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments/assets/securities and financial services which are controlled by the government† . The Indian financial system is also parallel in the role of other governments in the financial markets. Cihak (2011) said the role of governments in finance was less before the global crisis because empirical studies showed harmful effects of government interventions. The crisis changed the minds of the people and thought that it is time for the government to adopt policies to maintain stability, drive growth and create jobs. As such, clearer roles emerged for the government to adopt direct interventions such as ownership, credit gua rantees and liability guarantees. Government has to regulate and supervise economic activities and to promote competition, infrastructure and technology, Cihak said. Empirical results of macroeconomic convergence theories. Economic convergence starts with simple cooperation on agreed upon aspects from among member countries that often lead to integration or merger of these countries. Maruping (2005) defines macroeconomic convergence as a local assimilation that requires joining of two or more states, basically thru a Privileged Agreement, sometimes done thru Bilateral Trade Agreeements.  He describes economic convergence as an organized plan intended for the easy access of service and goods as well as coordination of foreign economic policies of these states in the same region. According to the Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms of WTO, regionalism is described as â€Å"actions by governments to liberalize or facilitate trade on a regional basis, sometimes through free-trade are as or

Freshmen Should Be Required to Live in the Dorms Essay

Freshmen Should Be Required to Live in the Dorms - Essay Example As well as Studies show, students who live on campus perform better academically than students living at home, said Michael Coakley, associate dean of student affairs and executive director of housing. Coakley added â€Å"National and institutional studies have continually shown that students who live in school housing for their first year of study have significantly higher retention rates, graduates according to the school calendar, and have greater involvement in campus life,† Campus housing not only provides academic and social benefit to the freshmen but also has advantages of free and available food, just like home even though it does not taste good like home food, but at least they know they have available ready-made food when needed. Also, there is a warm place to live, sleep, study and save, oppose to the student who stay outside campus, they will have to balance between studies and household chores like buying and cooking food, and paying bills i.e. electricity, water . One cannot serve two masters at a time (studies vs. household chores); therefore, freshmen students should live in campus in order to save resources like money and use it for something else like business, clothing, partying, or donations. Living outside campus especially as a freshman, students miss campus life experiences like dorms offer support and learning experiences, in such a way students who wants to study late in the libraries can do so, without worrying about taxi, train fares, or security like mugged, raped, or worse murdered on the way home. I believe living at school makes one socially prepared for life since they will be able to learn to be independent away from their parents, meet many people with a common interest as theirs, above all a friend a person make in college will often be friends for life. Living in campus will also allow them to join extra curriculum activities like clubs and sports, which allow students to step out from their comfort zone and experience new interest giving room for social connection and bonding. Though, many students complain about overcrowding in dorms, annoying roommates, noises and denial of freedom, freshmen are young adults, and they need to know that in every institution globally there are different individuals with different personalities, beliefs and cultures. Therefore, in order to survive, they need to deal with different people and situation. Nevertheless, rules are everywhere to be followed. Young people need rules, which remind them of their misleading acts, being shown where to live is not some kind of juvenile treatment and lack of freedom to choose, but on the brighter side, it works like a charm by reducing financial hardship to students who came from other states or under scholarships/ bursaries. Students should live in their dormitories during the first year because it allows them to network with other students easily. It has been proven through various social science studies that students with strong networking skills prove to be more successful in their careers as opposed to independent or isolated individuals. Networking also provides students with skills on problem solving and decision making in issues they face in life. Therefore, to obtain knowledge for lifelong success individuals need to live with career-oriented colleagues. The disadvantages of campus housing are some students may be

Choose one topic from the suggested topics on Hamlet. I will upload Research Paper

Choose one topic from the suggested topics on Hamlet. I will upload again - Research Paper Example Hamlet serves as one of the greatest tragedies ever produced not only in the history of English Literature, but also in the history of all literary pieces of the world at large (Mack 44). Created by the illustrious dramatist of all ages William Shakespeare by 1602, the play concentrates upon the revenge to be taken by the protagonist Hamlet from the King Claudius for murdering his father while his sleeping in the orchard (Evans 197). Shakespeare has elaborated the theme of the play in a powerful manner through various characters involved into the developments associated with the revenge in one way or the other, which proves his command over depicting both goodness and evil (Daiches 562)-- the elements that exist in every personality as well as in all social establishments of the world without discrimination Macionis 130). Consequently, the playwright has skillfully portrayed the phenomena existing in the social, natural and physical environment of humans at large. By making a critica l examination of the protagonist, it becomes crystal clear that on the one side, Hamlet appears to be the representative of goodness, who looks determined to punish the cruel and treacherous murderer of his father (Bloom 410-11); and on the other side, he is confused and reluctant to kill Claudius while he is praying and meditating in his chamber (III, iii, 73-96). It successfully demonstrates the external and internal conflicts Shakespeare aims to define in the play (Denton 2009) through his characters. The internal conflicts haunt Hamlet first due to the his mother’s second marriage to Claudius within few weeks of the death of her first husband. It is therefore, he laments that even a beast, wanting the discourse of wisdom (I, ii, 149-50) could wait more than her mother, who did not bother to delay her incestuous marriage for some appropriate period of time even (I, ii, 156-57). Hence, Hamlet mourns the death of his father in the same manner that had been in vogue in the El izabethan era (Kirsch 21), where he has demonstrated his sheer feelings of love for his father by exclaiming that his inky cloak (I, ii, 77), reflects mere a small proportion of his grief. Similarly, he also experiences internal conflict on finding his uncle at the position of his father, though he is far inferior to his father in all regards, in the same manner that ordinary people are inferior to the mighty Hercules (I, ii, 153). Secondly, disclosure made by the ghost of his father regarding his foul and most unnatural murder (I. v. 25), also endorses his suspicion regarding Claudius’s hand in the murder of his father. Since Hamlet has learnt about the story of his father’s murder, he is urged by the ghost to take revenge from Claudius of such a cruel and unfair crime he has committed against King Hamlet. Hence, the ghost’s disclosure about the murder of King Hamlet turns Prince Hamlet aggressive, who prefers to stay in Denmark rather returning to Wittenberg t o continue his education. Inner conflict Hamlet undergoes could be discovered while his dealings with Ophelia, the girl he has been in love with. He not only intends to marry her, but also obtains a powerful response from her side too (III.i.112–

Deconstruction of Trailer †Fight Club Essay Example for Free

Deconstruction of Trailer – Fight Club Essay At the start of the trailer for Fight Club it starts with the logo stating â€Å"Regency† and next the trailer introduces the character named Tyler quoting â€Å"I want you to hit me as hard as I can, how much can you know about yourself if you’ve never been in a fight† this showing that Tyler Durden played by Brad Pitt is one of the main characters in the film as he is shown first and with the quote showing that it’s a hard hitting film and that it gives you a rough idea of what’s going to happen. Next would be the mise-en-scene the film starts off with the two main characters standing outside having a conversation. The whole trailer has quite a low saturation of colour so connotes that it a Rolla coaster of a film that includes elements such as dark humour, fights, mental illnesses such as Insomnia, Schizophrenia and multiple personality disorder and inappropriate scenes and also the second main character which would be The Narrator who doesn’t have his name mentioned played by Edward Norton. In the film, sound plays a big role weather it being the narrator talking or the smashing of glass, shouting, songs it gives the film effect for example let’s start with the narrator and how he speaks it gives a sense of knowing and what the narrator says goes for example with the quote â€Å"This is your life and it’s ending one minute at a time† showing how he see’s things, how things are and that it isn’t all fantasy. Next would be the conversations, arguments and occasional smashing of glass this shows that by all of this being in the trailer it would make people watch from the beginning till the end as audience would want to know more of what they are about to watch. Lastly in the end of the trailer the song by â€Å"The Pixies; Where’s my Mind† this song is fitting to the whole story as the film shows all different mental disorders and how life is. First off I’m going to start off with the editing, with fight club It’s a good example of angels and shots a few I picked out from the film would be Shot Reverse Shot, Cross Cutting, Establishing Shot, Reaction Shot and also a POV Shot. In the first few seconds of the trailer it examples an Establishing shot where the two main characters are talking it’s a wide angled shot where it shows everything on what happening with the characters.

Illegal Immigration Essay Example for Free

Illegal Immigration Essay There are 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States today. This number has risen by 3 million in only 10 years. Illegal immigration has been a problem in the United States dating back to the early 1980s. In the 1980s and still until today, the United States has seen a massive increase of illegal immigrants entering the United States. While most of these immigrants were from Latin America and Mexico, they were also from other parts of the world. Many illegal immigrants were crossing the unguarded border between the United States and Mexico. Border security has increased over they years, yet the rise of illegal immigrants coming into the United States is also increasing. Illegal immigration has become a very controversial topic of today’s society, and lawmakers and legislators have been debating the topic for a while now. Their hasn’t been much reform from the federal government; however, many states have passed their own set of immigration laws. States such as Arizona, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Utah, and Indiana have developed their own state immigration laws. These laws are being reviewed by the Supreme Court of the United States and these decisions would be heard in the near future. In Arizona, if any police officer pulls over a immigrant who is suspicious of being illegal; that person has to present documents of being in the United States legally or faced with being detained and presented in front of an immigration court. Some kind of enforcement like this is also being enforced in the other states. Immigration needs to be reformed nationally throughout the country, and the government needs to strike down on illegal immigrants living in the United States because they cost America billions, take American jobs, and also take away student financial aid for citizens and legal immigrants trying to attend college. Using evidence from a wide range of sources, I make the statement that illegal immigration laws need to be reformed in the United States, by using statistics and fiscal numbers. Illegal Immigrants cost the Unites States billions of dollars that the government does not have. Their are 11 million illegal immigrants living within the boundaries of the United States, and only 7.2 million of these immigrants contribute to the workload of America. Those other 3 million plus the 7.2 million immigrants use welfare and unemployment money from the government by having children that are born in the United States. â€Å"Illegal-alien households cost the federal government approximately $26 billion in social services and criminal justice system expenses annually† (Albo). By collecting welfare and unemployment checks from the state and federal governments, illegal immigrants cost the American government significant amounts of tax-payer money. Many immigrants are taking money away from American citizens who need unemplyoment checks in order to survive and to look for a new job. Arizona’s Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (Arizona SB 1070) does an excellent job of limiting illegal immigrants and also helps in the addition of illegal immigrants because they can be deported if they ever are suspicious in front of law enforcement. This would decrease the overall amount of money spent on illegal immigrants because it would lower the total amount of illegal immigrants; thus causing a trickle down effect of the amount of money spent on undocumented immigrants. Another way illegal immigration negatively influences the American economy is by the amount of money that the government spends to keep undocumented immigrant children in school. Undocumented children also lead to an increase of overcrowded classrooms in certain states. Illegal immigrants account for nearly 3 billion in more tax-payer money for just California to keep these children in school because of the No child left behind act of the Bush Administration. â€Å"300,000 to 400,000 illegal alien [schoolchildren †¦ account for the estimated $3 billion annual service costs provided to the estimated 1.7 million illegal aliens in the State† (Joch). More states also had to pay more for undocumented immigrant children. â€Å"During the 2003-2004 school year, Minnesota estimated that it spent between $79 and $118 million of its $8 billion state budget to educate an estimated 9,400 to 14,000 unauthorized immigrant schoolchildren. New Mexico spent $67 million of its $3 billion state budget on an estimated 9,200 unauthorized schoolchildren. Colorado claimed that it spent approximately $220 million on social services for unauthorized immigrants but only collected between $159 and $194 million in revenue from that segment of its population.† (Joch) Illegal immigrants have accounted for many millions of dollars in other states also, and this is a sign nationally. There needs to be a immigration law reform that makes sure that undocumented children may be allowed to go to school in the United States only if they were born here. If children come along with their parents are are already in school age, I believe and the stats prove my point that undocumented children take tax-payers money away from where they are supposed to go. Illegal undocumented immigrant workers take away American jobs from the American people. Since the early 1980s, when illegal immigration became a major problem for the United States of America, illegal immigrants have been taking millions of jobs from the American people. â€Å"Today, there are 7 million individuals working in the United States illegally. (Devadoss/Luckstead) Most of these jobs are hard working and low education level jobs; nevertheless it takes away nearly seven million jobs away. The unemployment rate in the United States as of today is 7.8% and seven million jobs are a lot of jobs. During the Great Depression, President Roosevelt created federal program called the Civilian Conservation Corps (commonly known as the CCC) where young adults would work in preserving forests and helping with farmland. This would decrease the United States unemployment rate while also reducing jobs for illegal immigrants. With less jobs, immigrants would naturally self-deport back to their own countries where they might have a better job in finding jobs to support their families. Another way to make sure jobs are going to the American people is to adapt the E-Verify program. The E-Verify program is a program where before employers can hire potential employees they have to enter their documents to make sure that the employee can work in the United States. The E-verify program has already been enacted by five states in the United States and many more states are considering the program as a big immigration law reform. Many other states have partially enacted E-verify. â€Å"More than 404,000 employers, large and small, across the United States use E-Verify to check the employment eligibility of their employees, with about 1,200 new businesses signing up each week†. (Harvard Law Review) I firmly believe that if a nationwide e-verify program be required to check if employees are legally allowed to work in the United States that many of the potential jobs that illegal immigrants would take, would now be filled with Americans. More American jobs would cause less dependency on food stamps, welfare, and also less unemployment checks from the US government. Naturally, this would reduce the national and state debts, while also allowing the government to spend more money on schools and education. Speaking of education, their are many illegal immigrants taking state money for higher education purposes. In a Supreme court decision in Martinez v. Regents of the University of California, the supreme court ruled in favor that illegal immigrants are allowed to use in-state tuition to pay for school and may receive state funding. This is not only in California, but this kind of legislation is available in many different states. â€Å"California gives illegal aliens between $222.6 and $289.3 million dollars in aid to attend college in their state. Texas gives between $80.2 and $104.4 million dollars, Illinois $23.3 and $30.5 million dollars, and New York gives between $28.8 and $37.5 million dollars of aid†. (Kasarda) While many college students are suffering today to pay for higher education, the state has to give illegal immigrant college students aid every year. Along with the education budget cuts, this has sparked controversy in many universities throughout the United States. This needs to end. States should not be giving American dollars to illegal immigrants. By reforming the law in each individual state, less aid will be available to someone who lives in the United States illegally, and more aid needs to be given to more students who are deserving based on merit or poverty. Imagine in California if $270 million dollars was given back to the public universities, how many more teachers would be hired and how much more financial aid would be given to deserving students. Many of the supporters to allow the 11 million illegal immigrants to stay in the United States state that they provide a service that not many Americans would do and they help provide to each individual state economies. Other supporters also say that illegal immigrants pay federal, state, and local taxes in their perspective region. â€Å"about 6 million unauthorized immigrants file individual tax returns each year estimate that between 50 percent to 75 percent of unauthorized immigrants pay federal, state and local taxes†. (Albo) However, thats only about 50% of the total illegal immigrant population. Many supporters are adamant in saying that illegal immigrants pay their taxes; however, that is simply not the case. Yes, six million immigrants pay, but what about the other 5 million illegal immigrants. Supporters need to realize that while the 6 million contribute a small amount to the government, the other 5 million cost more to maintain. If their weren’t as many ille gal immigrants then the US government would not spend as much money on illegal immigrants. Illegal immigration law reform is greatly needed in the United States. Another argument that many supporters of keeping illegal immigrants in the United States is that they do jobs that Americans just simply won’t do. They say the hard labor jobs that illegal immigrants work help provide a spark in local economies throughout the Untied States. â€Å"The absence of the estimated 1.4 million undocumented immigrants in Texas in fiscal 2005 would have been a loss to our gross state product of $17.7 billion. Undocumented immigrants produced $1.58 billion in state revenues, which exceeded the $ 1.16 billion in state services they received†. (Albo) Supporters would show statistics like these that show their services produced more money for the local economy, then taking from the local governments. That illegal immigrants create a surplus for the economy. However, if we look at the same quote, that is just not the case. â€Å"However, local governments bore the burden of $ 1.44 billion in uncompensated health care costs and local law enforcement costs not paid for by the state†. (Albo) If we also look at the healthcare costs and increased law enforcement, the cost of maintaining illegal immigrants, in reality, creates deficit for the local economies. Many supporters twist statistics and truths to make their point about maintaining illegal immigrants, but in the real facts, they are proven wrong. Illegal immigration law reforms need to be discussed in Congress and also in individual State Congress’s. In all, illegal immigration has been a controversial topic ever since the 1980s. Many legislators and lawmakers have tried to reform the law and Congress has even a developed a bipartisan committee to try to develop a reform bill, but lawmakers haven’t gotten past preliminary talks. I believe the only way that Congress is going to reform its immigration laws is that if the American people stand up and petition in every state. Many individuals should talk to their regional representative and try to get talks discussed in the House and also in the Senate. Illegal immigration is a major problem in the United States and they are taking money that simply the United States does not have. Illegal immigration laws need to be reformed as soon as possible.

Beowulf An Epic Hero English Literature Essay

Beowulf An Epic Hero English Literature Essay While reading the epic poem of Beowulf the most important character is Beowulf which has the personality of an epic conqueror by performance of skills and bravery, durable reputation, and royal duty. In Beowulf it shows strange and nearly external ability and bravery at the assassination of Grendel, the Troll Wife, and the Dragon. Due to the brave killing of the useless creature Beowulf also becomes familiar to the idea of being fames. Beowulf as a model he must defend his people as a imperial responsibility. The poem starts with the slaughter of Grendel. In the slaughter of the unusually huge being Beowulf shows significant skills and bravery. Beowulf shows odd skill and bravery which this shows the beginning of an epic hero. Beowulf show bravery and ability by slaughter Grendel hand without a sword or a shield. The cause why Beowulf chooses to kill Grendel with no body armor to him it felt that he must not have any advantages over the monster of Grendel. By defeating Grendel withou t any armor Beowulf prove to the people that he really is brave and clever. Beowulf shows great skills and bravery when he supposedly defeats the Troll Wife which is the mother of Grendel. After killing all the Thanes in the Mead Hall to make a point to Beowulf say he was able to kill her with the Hrunting. After stabbing the Troll Wife and winning the battle. Once again Grendel demonstrates the personality of an epic hero. Beowulf also shows his bravery and skill while he was slaughtering the Dragon. In the killing of the Dragon, Beowulf was ready to give up his own live in order to slay the Dragon. In additional Beowulf traits shows him as an epic conqueror by taking care of his royal duty. Before the king kills himself he gave Beowulf his kingdom so he became the king when he died. Beowulf realizes his responsibility to rule and defend his kingdom, with his royal duties. Although he aged over time when he slaughter the dragon he must defend his people from it, its is responsibili ty now that he is the king. In the next paragraph from Beowulf, Beowulf clarify why he have to carry out his royal duties. Hygelac offer Beowulf his family sword, as a way to repay him from the battle. The king decided to give Beowulf his land, because his sword as served him well. By means of his hands and tough sword blade, while Beowulf is delicate and aged once the Dragon came. Beowulf understands that he will repay his people by slaughter the Dragon. Beowulf believes that he was giving so much throughout his people and being able to kill the dragon was his royal duties to protect his kingdom. The slaughter of Grendel, the Troll wife, and the Dragon was including in his royal duty. Beowulf as well turns into adapting to the idea of endure reputation by taking royal obligation. Beowulf shows another trait of an epic hero during the idea of lasting reputation. The traits of enduring fame come about when Beowulf slaughters Grendel, The Troll Wife, and the Dragon. Following the kill ing of Grendel and The Troll Wife Beowulf is looking upon as a hero by numerous of Thanes. When Beowulf murder Grendel, Beowulf stumble upon Heorot where he reward Beowulf with gold. While having a banquet in tribute of Beowulf, they told him to put on riches with true superior determination this will increase and do well and establish your strength. Beowulf has received the respect as a hero. Fate showed hold on life when it comes to an end. Beowulf also becomes familiar to the thought of endure reputation with the land that is given to Beowulf to rule. Beowulf receives tribute when he dies. At the ending of the heroic poem, Beowulfs people are sad, and keep on being sad while promising that his kingdom will always remember him as an epic hero Beowulf. The entire trait mentioned early proves Beowulf as an epic hero. Beowulf shows ability and bravery, lasting fame, and caring out his royal duties; all these personality show that Beowulf is an epic hero. By slaughter Grendel, and the Dragon, Beowulf demonstrate ability and bravery to his people by demonstrate his force and survival. As a result of slaughter the Dragon even while Beowulf knows that the ending will possibly show the way to the death he shows the traits of his royal duty. The king offer Beowulf his kingdom to rule it as a result of his great reputation. All these are personality of an epic hero, which Beowulf was a great epic hero. Character Analysis As Beowulf gets close to Danish ground, Beowulf is a young guy who is looking for a quest and fame. Beowulf was famous amongst his people which were the Geats, for his bravery. When Beowulf was a young man he clash in many fights and as a consequence showed his great quality to everyone. Beowulf has several personalities which help him to be successful in fights. As he was young, Beowulf was recognized as the tough man alive. His force permitted him to rule in fights. If not in favor of his pure force, he would not be able to beat Grendel, because Beowulf did not use any weapons since they were no match for Grendel. By fighting back with Grendel with no armaments, he releases himself up to a superior honor. Beowulfs power cant be seen as a weakness, as the outcome of his force might. Beowulfs power permitted him to control the fight, but it also made him overconfident. While his over confidents allowable Beowulf to be certain of himself in the battles, several of his friends think th at was a personal mistake to fight without a weapon. While Ecglaf see Beowulf as overconfident and worthless, by asking Beowulf Are you the Beowulf who competed with Brecaswollen with pride as a result of his over confidents was a mistake in the judgment of others, Beowulf notice it as self guarantee and apply it to his benefit. Beowulf as well had a tough courage of journey. Beowulf courage of a quest was the motivation that Beowulf went to battle with Grendel. Beowulfs power and courage of exploring a quest as well lead him to fame in numerous of battles, counting the fight with Grendel. Beowulf used his fame in earlier battles to validate himself when he went to help Hrothgar. As well showing his self guarantee and recognized courage possibly guides his judgment. Beowulfs courage of making a quest he achieve allot of fame but it may have got him into trouble, if he took the quest to a extreme. During his young years, Beowulf uses his power for fame and gratitude. As he was grown- up his grand power were taken away, and Beowulf establish himself with no one of his supreme skills. Beowulf afterward was king of the Geats, and when a dragon assaults his land, it was Beowulfs duty to defend his people. Feeling irritated and enthusiastic for killing, his men and himself went to slaughter the dragon. Through the fight Beowulf is overpower by the strength of the dragon due to his short of power, and was save by his closes friend from thanes, Wiglaf. Currently, Beowulfs power, in its place of being a benefit to him, became a flaw. The failure of force, and the fight was discouraging to Beowulf; but he takes a walk. Following his fight with the dragon Beowulf realizes that his time for living has ended. Yet, Beowulf uses his moment in time on his dead bed to see what when wrong on his life. Beowulf as well uses his time to recover some fame, his fellow thanes with all the great fights he battle. This is a symbol of Beowulfs person guarantee. Still although guarantee h imself no longer show him interested in fights, Beowulf promises himself that he have finished fine in his life. Throughout Beowulf life time, Beowulf was a huge warrior. His courage and power help him to victory, and he made certain that every person recognize him about it. With doing this he demonstrate his pride. Nevertheless, his entire attribute; force, bravery, personal guarantee, and courageous help him for good. As they might include terrible things, Beowulf approved himself healthy and appreciated by several people but with the exception of for Grendel. Good versus Evil Beowulf is one of the oldest accessible poetry in the English. The poem is an Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry, which represent a legend of a heroic hero intended to conquer a fierce monster in arrange to save an empire from obliteration and casualty. The main subject matter in this classic poem is the theme of good vs. evil. The theme of good against evil was expose throughout the people and stuff that symbolize good and evil, which help reveal the topic all over the story, and explain the general result of this theme in the poem as a part of literature. There are a lot of signs that symbolize good in Beowulf. Beowulf himself is a sign of good heroic. Beowulf is controlled and civilized which are the uniqueness of good and clarity. First off, Beowulf is untainted because he shows this while facing Grendel when Beowulf removes his body armor, and promise not to use a weapon to conquer Grendel. Later overpowering Grendel, he tells everyone that the monster was no match for himself without using any body armor and sword, can beat evil in several ways as well as for Grendel. This provide as a sign of Beowulfs kindness. One more sign of good is light. Light represent daytime and joy. While light, such is the same as the sun, people seeing it gives people wisdom of calm and they dont appear to be afraid of daytime. In relationship with light, expressions like unblemished and shiny also confirm to show good. These signs can exposed the goodness in this quotation In the lap of their shining ship, lined with gleaming armor, going safely in th at oak-hard boat to where their hearts took them. Human culture used the appearance of epic warrior, is frequently related with light the halls are illumine with joy and riches. These shows how several times have Beowulf men, swear to wait after dark and follow the terror with a brush of their swords. Plus after that, in the sunrise, this mead-hall impressive, with fresh light would be soaked with blood, every bench with red stains as well as the floors, all soaked from the beast savage attack and his worriers would be died less every day. In this explanation of Herot once Grendel slaughter past, Hrothgar express the mead-hall like impressive, with fresh light which would be soaked by blood. Now light represent good, dark signify evil within Beowulf. Grendel cave is dark and ancient, and he just hunts by nighttime, in the dark. Dark and nighttime is related with evil and Grendel blood-spattered assault. Hrothgars soldiers face the evil and darkness; however the daylight approach, ju st their blood is present. This demonstrates that Grendel, the monstrous whose name sock fears to the people of Herot, as well is a sign of evil. This is revealed in this quote Grendel was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair of those monsters born Of Cain, murderous creatures banished By God, punished forever for the crime Of Abels death. The enormous crowd had evil spirit came out, near the men demons divides into many appearance of evil like spirits and beast, troll, monsters, giant, a grasp eternally opposite the Lords determination, and yet again beaten. A different monster connected among evil is the dragon. In the ending Beowulf must battle one last fight with the dragon. The dragon blow breath of flames into Beowulf since Beowulf was trying to protect himself. However as his protection was dissolving, therefore murdering Beowulf. So the final fight comes along to Good, which can be Beowulf, against Evil, which symbol was the dragon. The theme of good against evil is described all through the whole epic. In the starting of the poem there was Herot people which represented good, and Grendel, the evil. While Grendel slaughters the majority of the people in Herot, there was small good left. Except went Beowulf came to Herot there was more good. Consequently when Grendel assault Herot at night, Beowulf was waiting for him were Beowulf and Grendel battle it off. At the end evil was just a reminder of the pain Grendel bring to the kingdom. Beowulf manages to slaughter Grendel by means of rip off his arm. However a new evil prowl the dark swamp. This was Grendels mother which was greatly more evil than Grendel. Therefore Beowulf, motionless sentiment with the murder Grendel, set off her anger toward Beowulf. So the theme of good against evil rises ones more time. Beowulf then travels down to the lair where Grendels mother live she was prepared to take vengeance from Beowulf over Grendels death. Following the fight, it w as good who conquer evil once more. Yet, the next fight wouldnt t be so simple. As an outsider had taken discipline from a dragons cave to make compensation with Beowulf, which is the new king, Beowulf owns son which was the evil dragon was angry. The dragon set off to Beowulfs kingdom and breathes flames to it. Therefore, Beowulf was currently prepared for one more fight with fatality. So, this symbolizes an additional good against evil fight. Wiglaf demonstrate kindness by serving Beowulf overcoming the dragon. Although the dragon prove equivalent evil when the Dragon went down with Beowulf to a dead. Therefore, in the ending of his final fight, it can be held that good and evil disintegrating. On the other hand, Wiglaf takes control of Beowulf kingdom in the result that good once more time succeeds. In general the result of the theme include on the poem as a part of literature which Beowulf was symbolize good and Grendel symbolize evil. Beowulf had murder Grendel while Grendel had assault Hrothgars kingdom. Once Beowulf murder Grendel he include murdering Grendels mother as well. Then Beowulf went to the dark swamp to slaughter Grendels mother. Once he defeated Grendels mother after that every one in the kingdom of Herot dance, feast, and celebrate all night long. Beowulf at that time notice as a hero and was name to take over the throne to be the king.Everything was fine for years, in anticipation of an outsider stole the gold dragon from the dragons cave. The dragon after that ruined Beowulfs kingdom. As vengeance Beowulf set out to slaughter the dragon. As a consequence, he slaughters the dragon however dyeing in the procedure. Wiglaf, a courageous warrior who assist Beowulf slaughter the dragon, after that was given the kingdom. Therefore, in general result of good against e vil in the heroic poem was to demonstrate that Beowulf was a fine hero and to explain that good will forever succeed no matter what difficulty you will have to conquer. In the poem of Beowulf, the theme of good against evil was use commonly all over the heroic poem. Beowulf was recognize as a fine hero, and light was known as a sign of good. Grendel was identified as the evil monstrous that brought fear to Herot, and dark was recognized as a sign of great evil creeping around near. The theme of good against evil was portraying commonly all the way through the heroic poem throughout the fights between Beowulf and Grendel, and then Grendels mother, and finally with the dragon. The theme of good against evil contain in general outcome on the heroic poem by means of no matter why type of evil he comes upon up it will be constantly conquer by goodness. This was describing when Beowulf slaughters the dragon, and still despite the fact that he was also murder, Wiglaf accepted on his good heart to rule his former friend Beowulf. As a result, good defeat evil forever.

Interest Groups :: essays research papers

Interest Groups Help More Than Hurt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voter turnout has declined since 1960 but participation in interest groups has been growing. Participating in interest groups allows people to take action on issues that are most important to them. Unlike some linkage institutions, interest groups have a very close connection to government. Interest groups are an essential part of the democratic system because they allow the public to enter the political system, bring up specific issues in government, and help congress in various ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interest groups specialize in policies where as interest groups are policy generalists. Statistics show that most Americans are neither radically conservative or liberal but in between or moderate. Both parties have lately tried to conform to the moderate view, but this makes it hard for voters to commit to one party. Many people are split-ticket voters. Both candidates and parties are hard to agree with totally because there are so many different issues. Interest groups give people the chance to support specifically what they care about most. These groups are significant to the democratic system because they allow the public to get involved and in their political system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political parties (policy generalists) have a great amount of issues on their agenda to be concerned with while interest groups get to concentrate on a single issue. Interest groups can call attention to an issue that could be ignored otherwise. Since groups know more about specific issues than the government, they can make sure that an issue is not overlooked. Interest groups bring attention to the issues that government should focus on. Thus, the government can determine which issues have priority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through interacting with congress, interest groups motivate the House and Senate to concentrate on their issue. The relationship between congress and interest groups is one where both benefit. Groups interact with congress with lobbying, electioneering and litigation. Groups help congress by giving them information, doing research, providing money, helping with political strategy, helping with campaign strategy, or other chores that congressmen do not have time for. Congress, in turn, helps interest groups by supporting their issues in congress.

Overwhelmed by Marigolds :: Marigolds

Overwhelmed by Marigolds [ADM1]  Ã‚  Ã‚      I'll be honest; I picked this short story first because of the bright, blooming title, "Marigolds."   But when I read the story, I felt torn, like the marigolds that were when destroyed by Lizabeth[ADM2].   Throughout this story I felt overwhelmed with reality;[ADM3] I was showered with confusion, contradictions, and it seems as though I read this story of harsh truth in a dream.   Lizabeth's character is so close to myself, yet so far away, that I detest her, especially for her furious outrage taken out on a sliver of hope surrounded by despondency, yet I feel compassionate towards her.[ADM4]   I leaped furiously into the mounds of marigolds and pulled madly, trampling and pulling and destroying the perfect yellow blooms.[ADM5]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When she madly demolished the beautiful marigolds, I wanted to scream;[ADM6] she had ruined the only things ravishing[ADM7] and worthwhile, taking her anger and confusion out on something that seemed so perfect.   I felt like the marigolds because far too often I have been in a similar situation.   For example, I play the saxophone well, making it into Wind Ensemble (the highest[ADM8] band) as a freshman.   Many call me "perfect,"[ADM9] and because I can play better than they can, they hate me.   They treat me rudely,[ADM10] and they don't even know me except for my ability to play an instrument.   I feel dejected and trampled over socially because [ADM11]I happen to be able to be gifted in an area.   Some also detest me because of my grades, making assumptions before knowing me [ADM12]that because I get decent grades, I am perfect and too good for everyone.   Instead of seeing past me[ADM13], they make fun of me and put me down for achieving my highest goals.   So when Lizabeth tore at the flowers, smoldering[ADM14] them and killing them because they were full of hope and bloom, which she had none of[ADM15], I felt angry with her for handling her situation in this way.   She killed innocent life that thrived and stood out, because it possessed things that she wanted and that she was being deprived of[ADM16].   Because of this terrible reaction to this scene, I think that it is safe to assume [ADM17]I am not sympathetic towards anyone who hurts others, physically or mentally, for being happier or full of hope or more talented than them because they feel hopeless, fearful, or even feel confused and overwhelmed.

Causes Of Civil War :: essays research papers

Causes Of Civil War As members of the Futurist of America Association, we have been assigned to look specifically at the cause of the American Civil #War. There are five aspects that could of led to the Civil War and they are Westward Movement, Social Change, Froeign Policy Development, Government/Politics Development, and Economic Development. Out of the five aspects, Economic Development is the best reason for the eventual Civil War. First, Westward Movement could of led to American Civil War because of the Louisiana Purchase, Wilmont Proviso, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Popular Sovereignity, Compromise of 1850, Missouri Compromise, "Bleeding Kansas",   California Gold Rush, Manifest Destiny, and the Mistreatment of Native Americans. The Louisiana Purchase was done by President Jefferson because he wanted to doubled the size of the United States and to get control of   New Orleans. Wilmont Proviso was to ban slaves from territories that might gbe aquired from Mexico. Kansas- Nebraska Act was the result of Douglas wanting to build railroads from Chicago to San Franciso. Douglas was a big believer in popular sovereignity, where the people have the right to decide if they want to be free of slave state, and he completely ignore the Missoure Compromise. The Compromise of 1850 stated that should be equal number of free and slave states. The Missouri Compromise said that any state above the latitude of 36 30' can not be a slave state. "Bleeding Kansas" was where people were fighting over the issue of slavery and cost many American Lives. The California Gold Rust occurred when gold was discovered in California and people rushed out to California.When California apply for statehood, it cause huge problems because North and the South wanted control of the gold in the state. Manifest Destiny was where Americans believe that they had the right to expand westward. The Treatment of Native Americans was hoorible because Americans believe they were superior to the Native Americans. All these issues seperated the North form the South because each side a different view on each issue. Westward Movement could of led to the Civil War, but did not because of Henry Clay. When the Westward Movemet occurred new states started to enter the union. This is where the promblems begins. Missouri was the first state, other than Louisiana, to enter the union from the Louisiana Purchase and will give impications on the status of slavery west of the Mississippi. If   Missouri enter the union as a free state, then the North will get control of the House of Representatives because they would have more representatives. If Missouri enter the union as slave, the South will get control over the House.

Discipline The Essence Of Education

Todays topic is Discipline – The essence of Education. Let me share my views with you. â€Å"Discipline† comes from the Latin word â€Å"Disciplina† which means instruction. It is the bridge between goal and accomplishment. Discipline is the foundation upon which all success is built. In the entire universe, there is an order and discipline. We can see plants, insects, birds and animals also observed discipline in their lives but only man who has a thinking mind finds it difficult to observed discipline.But the discipline is essential from the moment of working to the time of going sleep. The discipline is closely linked to education. Analysing the effect of discipline action, we can better understand why we should educate using discipline. The aim of school discipline is to create a safe and happy learning environment. The term school discipline is commonly known as School Rules and Regulations. BY correcting misbehavior and developing self discipline, school he lp to prevent the future occurrence of behavior problem.If we remove the discipline from the education, the output of education will be zero that is the discipline is the heart of education. We cannot think about education without discipline. Student life is a period of learning and grooming. Discipline plays significant role in shaping the personality and moldings character. A student of today is a citizen of tomorrow. Hence, it is very important that children should be discipline in school, so that they might became worthy citizens of their country.Citizens of discipline nations can work more smoothly and are filled with the spirit of unity, brotherhood and co-operation. Lack of discipline is like a ship without rudder. Beauty takes the attention, but personality with good discipline takes the heart. If you want to full fill the slogan â€Å"Mera Bharat Mahan†, our country should have a well discipline citizen. For that education is the main source. Let us anticipate a well discipline generation. â€Å"Jai Hind† ï » ¿Discipline: The Essence of Education Good Moring to my respected teachers and all!Todays topic is Discipline – The essence of Education. Let me share my views with you. â€Å"Discipline† comes from the Latin word â€Å"Disciplina† which means instruction. It is the bridge between goal and accomplishment. Discipline is the foundation upon which all success is built.In the entire universe, there is an order and discipline. We can see plants, insects, birds and animals also observed discipline in their lives but only man who has a thinking mind finds it difficult to observed discipline. But the discipline is essential from the moment of working to the time of going sleep. The discipline is closely linked to education. Analysing the effect of discipline action, we can better understand why we should educate using discipline. The aim of school discipline is to create a safe and happy learning environment.The term school discipline is commonly known as School Rules and Regulations. BY correcting misbehavi or and developing self discipline, school help to prevent the future occurrence of behavior problem. If we remove the discipline from the education, the output of education will be zero that is the discipline is the heart of education. We cannot think about education without discipline.Student life is a period of learning and grooming. Discipline plays significant role in shaping the personality and moldings character. A student of today is a citizen of tomorrow. Hence, it is very important that children should be discipline in school, so that they might became worthy citizens of their country. Citizens of discipline nations can work more smoothly and are filled with the spirit of unity, brotherhood and co-operation. Lack of discipline is like a ship without rudder.Beauty takes the attention, but personality with good discipline takes the heart. If you want to full fill the slogan â€Å"Mera Bharat Mahan†, our country should have a well discipline citizen. For that education is the main source. Let us anticipate a well discipline generation. â€Å"Jai Hind†Thank You!

Bangladesh Media Landscape by Robert

1 Bangladesh Media and Telecoms Landscape go by May 2012 If you wish to decl ar aceself twain updates or am curioments to this document, please contact Robert Powell on Robert. emailprotected org Type schoolbook 2 Introduction Bangladesh is a flatcar and low-lying rude that occasion both(prenominal)y suffers from annihilative tidal gags and floods. It is besides ace of the just ab tabu densely populated countries in the world. The ordered series of human race suffering ca l destination oneselfd by a combination of game winds, tidal surges and heavier-than- halomanship rainstorms is cpstimes immense.In 2009, Cyclone Ailia cause a tidal surge that flooded low-lying coastal force fields and leftfield well-nigh 500,000 homeless. 80% of Bangladesh consists of flood plain. 75% of the do principal(prenominal)s land ara is less than 10 metres above sea level. This makes Bangladesh vulnerable to rising sea levels as a lead of climate change. fill ca utilise by rive rs bursting their banks is a big problem in umpteen argonas. shut uply 20 meg plenty living in low-lying coastal aras argon at risk of being flooded expose of their homes by rising water sum levels and tidal surges.The great(p), capital of Bangladesh, has nation of about 16 one thousand one thousand thousand and is one of the outsizest cities in the world. But 73% of Bangladeshs 164 jillion severalize placid lives in hoidenish beas. near of the population relies on subsistence distantming. Rice is the staple exercise and the lands im user interfaceant blood of food. Bangladesh ranked 146 out of 187 evinces listed in the 2011 UN kind- visuali compulsiveed development Index. agree to the valet de chambre Bank, 81% of the population lives in p overty Type text 3 Administrative sectionalizations of Bangladesh Source http//www. give-and-takepecialpictures. om/category/map-2/bangladesh-map/ Type text 4 The adult literacy rate was 56% in 2009, fit to UNE SCO. It estimated that 61% of men could claim and write, and solitary(prenominal) 51% of women. Bangla or Bengali is spoken as a kickoff lecture by 98% of the population. It is the official wording of regimen Bangla is in like manner spoken in the neighbouring West Bengal secern of India, with which Bangladesh has close pagan and historical ties. Bengalis in some(prenominal) countries love their lecture and abundant culture. Poets ar field attack melodycraftes, k direct to ein truthone. nigh amend East Pakistanis still moot the city of Kolkata (formerly know as Calcutta), crossways the border in India, as the cultural capital of Bengal a region that historic on the wholey includes West Bengal and Bangladesh. many an(prenominal) East Pakistani families still live with healthy links to West Bengal, having left per passworda of their family at that place when they fled clashes mingled with Hindus and Muslims during the partition of India in 1947. more thanover, at a policy-making level many Bangladeshis feel ambivalent about India. The intentions of this larger and more and more efficacious neighbour ar astray distrusted.Several turn overical anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic terminologys argon spoken in the Chittagong cumulation Tracts in in the south- einsteiniumern Bangladesh and in the original due northern about of the country, where the influence of Indias neighbouring Assam region is pronounced. intimately 300,000 wad in the troubled Chittagong pitcher Tracts speak Chakma. The important worldwide communicationing to spoken is slope. This is a legacy of nigh both centuries of British colonial approach pattern. Type text 5 Bangladesh maked independence from British colonial rule as part of the Islamic earth of Pakistan in 1947.The territory was then know as East Pakistan, still when it was physic entirelyy separated from the rest of Pakistan by India. The precept of incline declined pursuance independence from Pakistan in 1971 as Bangla was promoted for nationalist rea word of honors. However, English continues to be widely used in regimen, cable and the media. It is in like manner widely spoken among the meliorate elite. English is now making a come sustain. Many Bangladeshis regard fluency in the dustup as vital for acquire well-paid jobs both at home and overseas. About 90% of Bangladeshis be Sunni Muslim. A nevertheless 9% argon Hindu. in that respect be micro minorities of Christians and Buddhists. Tradition altogethery well-nigh Bangladeshis seduce defined themselves as Bengalis origin and Muslims south-centralward. However, Islamic fundamentalism has been on the rise since the ahead of time 1990s. Bangladesh carve up away from Pakistan by and byward a roaring armed uprising in 1971, which was plunk for by the Indian Air Force. This is known in Bangladesh as the War of Liberation. phraseology and culture was a key doer in the liberation st ruggle. Bangladeshi nationalists advocated the use of Bangla as an official speech communication alternatively of Urdu, the official language of Pakistan.Nationalism, democracy, secularism and favorableism were the 4 pillars of Bangladeshs 1972 Constitution. However, in 1988 Islam was make the introduce religion. Type text 6 Post-independence governing defend been damage by a bitter fray amongst the dickens important policy-making dynasties in Bangladesh. tribal sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the puting come of Bangladesh, served as the countrys inaugural ch transportperson until his blackwash by soldiery officers in1975. He was the leader of Awami league, founded in 1949. His daughter, dandy Hasina Wajed, took over the caller leadership after his death.She has been Prime Minister and leader of the presidency since 2009. A rival policy-making dynasty was founded by General Ziaur Rahman, a military hero of the 1971 revolt over against Pakistan. Ziaur Rahman, who is widely known as General Zia, became the de facto military ruler of Bangladesh in 1975. He took the helm after several(prenominal) months of instability triggered by the kill of Mujibur Rahman. Ziaur Rahman appoint both(prenominal) of Mujibur Rahmans assassins to senior governing body positions. This move created a rift in the midst of the families of the cardinal men and has poisoned relations between them ever since.Ziaur Rahman assumed the title of president in 1977 and govern Bangladesh until his own assassination in 1981. He founded the Bangladesh Nationalist troupe (BNP), the countrys some different main political app arnt motion in 1978. The party is now led by Ziaur Rahmans widow, Khaleda Zia. She served as vertex minister from 1991 to 1996 and again from 2001 to 2006. In early 2012, with the Awami League back in origin, she was leader of the emulation. The personal tilt and animosity between beau Hasina and Khaleda Zia is intense and has coloured ofttimes of Bangladeshi politics over the sometime(prenominal) 20 geezerhood.Both women argon in their late 60s. Type text 7 Since independence, Bangladesh has all been ruled by the Awami League, the BNP or a military-led regime. The armys just about forward-looking-fashioned intervention in politics took pop in 2007. It formed a c betaker administration after the previous BNP-led regimen failed to bedevil fresh elections by the end of its parliamentary mandate. A military-led interim disposal unionised fresh elections in 2008. The Awami League scored a landslide victory, winning 49% of the every mean solar solar mean solar mean solar day vote and 263 of the 300 seats in parliament.It re do ploughed to power in early 2009 with Sheikh Hasina as Prime Minister. This was her second destination as head of administration. She had earlier ruled Bangladesh from 1996 to 2001. The ideological differences between the Awami League and the BNP be insignifi roll in the hayt, plainly the animosity between their respective(prenominal) leaders is intense and extremely personal. Sheikh Hasina blames General Zia and the BNP for being close to her stirs murderers, for removing secularism from the constitution, and for rehabilitating collaborationist forces much(prenominal) as Jamaat-e-Islami, which formerly opposed independence from Pakistan.The BNP and Khaleda Zia suggest in turn that Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League atomic number 18 insufficiently Muslim, and that they are in league with Hindu-dominated India. Khaleda Zia filed subversive activity cases against Sheikh Hasina and her associates era she was in power. Sheikh Hasina has since retaliated in kind. The adjoining parliamentary elections are due in 2013. Corruption is wide unrestricted exposure at all levels of political relation in Bangladesh, especially in the police. Type text 8 The country was rated great hundred out of 183 countries listed in Transparency Internationals 2011Corruption Perce ption Index with a rank of 2. out of 10. Bangladesh at a time occupied the tar hail rung of the index, exactly its performance has change in recent long time. Every hardly a(prenominal) historic period, Bangladesh suffers from devastating floods, approximately of which are triggered by cyclonic storms sexual climax ashore from the utter of Bengal. Only 5% of the worlds cyclonic storms form in the alcove of Bengal, scarce these cause 85% of the detriment of disembodied spirit and property nattered by all cyclones on the pla ne bothrk. In 1991, a arduous cyclone killed nearly 140,000 Bangladeshis and do up to 10 million homeless. It sent a sise-metre high storm surge of sea water rushing inland.Following that disaster, world(prenominal) donors helped Bangladesh to build a profits of cyclone shelters along the coast and rotary up an early warning dodge for residents in vulnerable areas. Regular TV and wireless bulletins are issued as cyclones stretchiness key st ages of development in the bay of Bengal. The governing body overly passes warning put acrosss put lot to local anesthetic anaesthetic government officials. At moments of extreme danger, sirens mounted on the cyclone shelters are sounded. In 2009 the government used the energetic call in realizework to create an additional line of products for distri stilling cyclone warning messages.It began to dish out SMS cyclone warning messages to all agile phone owners living in danger zones as danger approached, gad them to urgently seek safety. Casualties amaze been greatly reduced as a result of these precautions, but respectable storms continue to inflict heavy damage Type text 9 humansquakes are rare, but when they do occur they ass be extremely powerful. Only heptad earthquakes of over 8. 5 magnitude generate ever been recorded in the world, but ii of those affected Bangladeshin 1887 and again in 1950. The country sits astride tercet major fault lines. In folk 20 11 a 6. magnitude earthquake with its epicenter in Sikkim to the north rocked buildings in the capital capital of Bangladesh and elsewhere for up to cardinal arcseconds. harmonize to Professor Humayun Akhter, Head of the Earth Observatory at capital of Bangladesh University, a 7. 5 magnitude quake with an epicentre 50km from capital of Bangladesh would wreak havoc in the capital. He estimated in September 2011 that much(prenominal) a quake would destroy 30% of all buildings in the city, killing 200,000 volume and trapping a further 300,000 in the debris of collapsed buildings. Famine has been a go on phenomenon in Bangladesh for centuries.However, thither has not been a serious hunger crisis in the country since 1974, when over one million people died. New varieties of rice, better fartherming techniques and improve early warning systems have boosted awkward output. In about years Bangladesh manages to achieve self-sufficiency in food. Although most of Bangladesh is peace ful, a regional conflict in the Chittagong pile Tracts (CHT) near the Burmese border in the Southeast has been simmering for the past 40 years. This pits indigenous people from the region against settlers from new(prenominal) move of Bangladesh and the army.The government signed a peace agreement with the hill tribes in 1997, granting limited autonomy to the CHT. Type text 10 However, the tell of self-rule for the CHT was never fulfilled and discontinuous violence continues to plague the region. Reports of human rights violations in the CHT are commonplace. In late 2011, at that place were 28,000 registered refugees from Myanmar (Burma) living in two government-run camps in the South eastern district of follows bazar. tight all of the refugees were Muslims from the Rohingya ethnic crowd. They represented the remnants of an influx of 250,000 refugees from Myanmar in 1991.The Bangladeshi government estimates that a further 200,000 to 300,000 Burmese live in Bangladesh witho ut formal refugee status. In October 2011 the Burmese government announced that it would take the Rohingya refugees back. The Bangladeshi authorities were keen for them to cast off, but by early 2012 at that place had been no reports of any laboured repatriations. The army has not attempted to step in in politics since it re glowering Bangladesh to elected urbane government in 2008. However, in 2010 more than 70 people, including civilians and army officers, were killed during a rebellion by the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) border force.More than 2, atomic number 6 BDR personnel were subsequently detained. accord to media reports, more than 60 of these detainees died in custody. The army and the police have a poor human rights record. The fast natural action Battalion, an elite anti-crime and anti-terrorism unit set up in 2004, has a particularly badness reputation. It is able to act in closeness and with impunity. Type text 11 concord to Amnesty International, the speedy A ction Batallion has been implicated in the killing of at least 700 people since its formation. It has alike been accused of torturing detainees.In 2010, according to human rights organisations, law enfor cement officials were obligated for 127 deaths, 101 of which were attributed to crossfire. The quick Action Battalion accounted for 65 of the crossfire killings, objet dart reparation police were responsible for a further 21. Combined security units of Rapid Action Battalion and police agents were responsible for a further 12 deaths. Type text 12 Bangladesh at a glance population Main Language Other languages widely used in beam swinish National Income per capita Adult Literacy (15+) $624 (World Bank 2012) 56% (UNESCO 2009) 164 million (World Bank 2010) BanglaEnglish lively phones prompt phone penetration (lines per blow inhabitants) Mobile intercommunicate do byage (population) meshwork users 87. 9 million (BTRC February 2012) 94% (urban) and 83% ( plain) (NMS 2011) 98% (BTRC 2011) 5. 5 million (Internetworldstats. com December 2011) Internet subscribers Ranking in UN Human Development Index 2011 Ranking in Reporters Without Borders World take Freedom Index 2011/12 3. 1 million (BRTC February 2012) 146 (out of 179) 129 (out of 179) Type text 13 Media overview boob tube is the most fashionable initiation of intelligence show and entertainment in urban areas of Bangladesh.It is besides rapidly gaining ground in the countryside. However, wireless still drops large references in the boorish areas, where 73% of Bangladeshis live. Many rural families have no ingress to electricity and are too poor to afford a TV set. communicate ownership has move s good afternoon teadily in recent years and so have communicate audiences. The 2011 Nielsen Media and demographic Survey, addressed by the global media marketing group AC Nielsen, found that tuner auditory sense had declined to 15% of the population in 2011 from 36% in 1999. It as wel l as found that over the equal 12-year period find to video in urban areas increased from 69% to 91%.In rural areas, the proportion of the population keep an eye oning goggle box receiver increased pull mastered more dramatically from 24% to 67%. The 2011 Nielsen Survey indicated that Bangladeshis who still listen to receiving set are increasingly tuning in on their mobile phones rather than a traditional intercommunicatecommunication set. It showed that 73% of piano tuner listeners tuned into post on their mobile phones, but entirely(prenominal) 34% still listened to programmes on a communicatecommunication setcommunication set. This change in listening habits shines the fact that young urban Bangladeshis frequently listen to medicinal drug publicize by FM berths by dint of earphones attached to their mobile handset. Type text 14 However, one in five Bangladeshis do not watch TV or listen to piano tuner at all. The Nielsen reexamine indicated that 20% of the population has no devil to any media whatsoever. It found that 27% of females were unavailing to watch TV, listen to communicate or reach any former(a) media on a regular basis. 13% of males were in the uniform situation. The government began to liberalise political programing in the late 1990s. Unusually, it allowed toffee-nosed TV move to operate before licencing cliquish radio receiver move. Bangladeshs freshman tete-a-tete send impart, ATN Bangla, began beam on beam in 1997.But the inaugural moneymaking(prenominal)ised radio circle, wireless Foorti, save went on product line in 2006. The government-run radio network Bangladesh Betar and state-run Bangladesh tv (BTV) have both lost audiences to backstage empyrean competitors in the towns and cities. However, state radio and TV still dominate the air waves at a national level. They are still the tho alloters that apprize be received intimately in large swathes of the countryside, where the ma jority of Bangladeshis live. Bangladesh Betar and BTV both knockoutly reflect the views of the government of the side truly daylight.Their program is widely regarded as dull and uninspired compared with that of their clandestine sector competitors. troop circulation password showpapers remain authoritative, especially in the main towns. The 2011 National Media Survey found that 40% of Bangladeshi men read passwordpapers at least once a hebdomad. The figure for women was much lower at 14%. Type text 15 This reflects lower literacy rank amongst women. It to a fault reflects the fact that men work to control house seduce incomes and that men get out and about much more than the women of the household.They therefore have more probability to buy tidingspapers. Before the government allowed the get-go head-to-head television system send to go on air in 1997, countersignpapers were the moreover source of self-supporting reading in Bangladesh. However, the liberalisa tion of the air waves, the proliferation of mobile phones and the spread of net income regain, have dramatically clear up the media landscape since then. Mobile shout ownership has constitute widespread in both urban and rural areas following a rapid expansion of the mobile telecoms network in the early years of this century.The 2011 Nielsen Media and demographic Survey found that two terces of all Bangladeshis over the age 15 have a mobile handset with an alive(p) SIM card. The Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulatory commission (BTRC) utter there were 87. 9 million mobile phone subscribers in the country by the end of February 2012. This figure implies that one in two Bangladeshis has a mobile phone. However many handset owners have SIM separate for more than one network, so the echt mobile penetration rate is doubtless lower. Mobile phones are mainly used for voice conversations.Very few handsets support the first principle of the Bangla language, so the mickle of t ext pass along is quite low. According to the BTRC, the average volume of SMS messages sent in 2011was 30 million per month. Type text 16 This is the equivalent of one message for every terce phones in use. Nevertheless, mobile phones are already being used as a line of business to programme information. Since 2009 the government has issued cyclone warnings by SMS. Members of the public shadower in like manner dial a pithy economy on any of Bangladeshs trey mobile phone networks to hear a recording of the la footrace BBC Bangla watchword headlines. These are updated every hour.Internet use is emergence fast from a low base, but addition to the internet is still curb well-off people living in the main towns. According to the web rank www. internetworldstats. com there were 5. 5 million internet users in Bangladesh at the end of 2011 equivalent to 3. 5% of the countrys population. The BTRC reported in February 2012 that Bangladesh had 3. 1 million internet subscribers, of whom nearly 3. 0 million went online via the mobile telecoms network. The website www. socialbakers. com which measures global internet usage, said more than 2. 5 million Bangladeshis had signed up to Facebook by February 2012.The most public Bangladeshi intelligence show website is that of Prothom Alo (First Light), the countrys top-sellling newspaper www. prothom-alo. com The independent and widely respect news website www. bdnews24. com follows close buns it. intelligence activity about Bangladesh is lots double-quick to break online than on local TV or radio. However, TV and radio are still widely regarded as the most authoritative sources of news and information. Type text 17 A 2008 study by the shew of Governances Studies at BRAC University, entitled The State of Governance in Bangladesh, found that state and sequestered course of studyers both scored highly on credibility.News on mystical TV was rated as authentic by 82% of respondents to the play along, while state-run BTV scored 78%. reality confidence in the state media was observably lower in urban areas, where there is loosely a greater pickaxe of media. The BRAC University study found that only 68% of urban residents considered government possess TV and radio to be authentic sources of information. However, the credibility rating of state media in the countryside was much higher(prenominal) at 87%. For many Bangladeshis in rural areas, the state radio network Bangladesh Betar is still the main source of news and information.Bangladesh Betar runs 12 regional radio move as well as a national radio serve well. It withal runs a special Traffic deal for capital of Bangladesh. Its broadcasts on FM and Medium flourish cover the entire country. Bangladeshs has only five buck hush-hush commercial radio send offs. each(prenominal) of them are based in capital of Bangladesh. Their broadcasts on FM are in the first place aimed at urban audiences. Only two reclusive radio blank spa ces have broad national coverage piano tuner Foorti and receiving set nowadays. Both have pass enchantters in several peasant cities. radiocommunication forthwith withal has a network of regional studios which produce some local programming. Type text 18 wireless Aamar has one pass on stead in Chittagong, but Metrowave and rudiment radiocommunication only broadcast to Dhaka and the surrounding area. The government has so far accredited 14 confederacy radio billets. The first two went on air in 2011. There are plans to establish more than 100 partnership place across the country in due course. Private TV place only distribute their programmes by satellite and cable. Nevertheless, they have come to dominate publicize in the towns and cities. head-i and ATN Bangla are the most common secret TV business.Government-run BTV is the only station that broadcasts free-to-air from mundane senders. As such it is the only TV station that stern been seen by most people with b some other to television in rural areas. However, BTVs hold on rural TV viewing audience is starting to loosen as more and more people in the countryside are switching to satellite television, which allows them to watch hush-hush and foreign bring. The largest and most influential Bangla language casual newspaper is Prothom Alo. It sold 437,000 copies per day in early 2011, according to government statistics.The newspapers online version www. prothom-alo. comhasmore than 800,000 readers, according to its editor. Many of these aremembers of the Bangladeshi diaspora living overseas. Prothom Alos stable mate, The workaday booster, is the largest circulation English language day by day in Bangladesh. It sells over 40,000 copies per day and is influential in the ruling elite. wholly of Bangladeshs national newspapers are publish in Dhaka. However, dozens of provincial dailies are published in several opposite cities, including Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Baris al, Bogra and lemanderin. Type text 9 Most insular media outlets are broadly aligned with one of Bangladeshs two main parties the Awami League, which is authenticly in power, or the resistance Bangladesh National connection (BNP). The hole-and-corner(a) media in Bangladesh is mostly possess by large tune get togethers, such as Transcom, foursquare convention and the Beximco. These groups have prolonged interests in manufacturing manufacture, trading and monetary work as well as the media. There are relatively few genuinely independent media outlets. Many too allow the melody interests of their owners to colour their news coverage.editor programs and journalists can face pressure or intimidation for opposing government policies, and coverage on sensitive issues such as corruption, crime, human rights abuses and illegal business practices. Salaries are low, so many journalists are in any case open to financial inducements to slant their stories in favour of their pa ymasters or suppress inept information. Threats from political parties, police and military, extremist phantasmal groups, and former(a) powerful individuals, are relatively common. Bangladesh was ranked 129th out of 179 countries listed in the Reporters Sans Frontieres 2011-12 Press Freedom Index http//en. sf. org/press- emancipation-index-20112012,1043. html According to The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) www. cpj. org , 12 journalists were dispatch in Bangladesh between 1992 and March 2012. Most of their killers escaped prosecution. Type text 20 Three accommodate of those who died were covering crime and/or corruption stories at the time. Generally speaking, journalists and editors tread carefully, self-censoring themselves to subdue trouble. The 2009 Right to cultivation (RTI) Act allows for immunity of access to information held by public organisations.This has modify the potential for investigative journalism, although so far few journalists have taken advanta ge of it. Libel, sedition and reporting on national security issues all exile the risk of criminal prosecution. Like other Bangladeshi citizens, journalists can be held for up to 90 days without trial chthonian the 1974 Special advocators Act. A code of conduct for newspapers, news agencies and journalists was issued by the Bangladesh Press Council, a statutory body controlled by the government, in 1993. It was amended in 2002. Restrictions on media freedom have often increased during periods of political turmoil.The authorities have occasionally tried and true to block access to some websites, citing spiritual and moral concerns. According to Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF) www. rsf. org the government blocked access to the everyday social networking site Facebook for nine days in 2010 until it concur to withdraw cartoons of the Islamic Prophet Mohammed and cartoons of sealed Bangladeshi politicians The pro-opposition newspaper Amar Desh was closed for three months in June 2010 after a produce a report that accused the son of the prime minister of involvement in a corruption scandal. Its editor and main treatholder Mahmudur Rahman was arrested. Type text 21 Rahman, a former energy adviser of the opposition Bangladesh National Party (BNP), was released nine months later. dickens private TV stations, pack 1 and Jamuna TV, have in like manner been shut low by the current Awami League government since it came to power in 2008. Jamuna TV, owned by the Jamuna business conglomerate, was banned in noember 2009, after 35 days of test transmissions for in operation(p) without a licence. Channel 1, whose owner has close links with the BNP, was forced to suspend publicise in April 2010after the government accused it of violating unspecified rules.The station is owned by man of personal matters Giasuddin Al Mamun, who has close ties to the eldest son of opposition leader and former prime minister Minister Khaleda Zia. Wherever television is available, B angladeshis have come torely on TV rather than radio as their main source of news, information and entertainment. By the end of 2011, there were 19 local TV extends available in Bangladesh, only three of which were controlled by the government. Many Bangladeshis with a satellite dish also watch Indian origins transmit in Bangla and Hindi.The Indian soap operas on Star TV are particularly favorite. everywhere the years, a succession of governments has pledged to turn state TV and radio into independent public service broadcasters, but no convincing move has so far been made in this direction. However, the government has concur to allow the establishment of a smattering of community radio stations. Type text 22 The first two community radio stations opened in 2011 and the government has awarded licences to 12 others. All give be operated by local NGOs. Academic facilities for journalism information in Bangladesh are quite good.The state universities of Dhaka, Jahangirnagar, J agannath, Chittagong and Rajshahi all offer graduate and post-graduate courses on mass communication and journalism. Some respected private universities, such as BRAC, the nonparasitic University of Bangladesh, Stamford University, and Daffodils also offer courses in journalism and media studies. In 2007 USAID set up the journalism Training and Research Initiative (JATRI), a professional training centre for investigative journalism. It now forms part of BRAC Universitys Institute of Governance Studies. Type text 3 Media Groups Many newspapers and radio and TV stations in Bangladesh are owned by business conglomerates with extensive interests in manufacturing industry, trading and financial services as well as the media. The shares of some of these companies are traded on the Dhaka shopworn Exchange, but most of them are controlled by rich and politically influential families. The largest and most influential business groups with media interests are Transcom Groupwww. transcombd. c om Transcom owns Prothom Alo, the largest circulation Bangla language newspaper in Bangladesh.It also owns The fooling Star, the largest and most respected English language daily in the country. Transcoms broadcasting interests are represented by alphabet wireless, a Dhaka-based news and current affairs FM station. Transcoms media outlets are principally perceived as being politically neutral. The conglomerate was founded as a family-run tea plantation business in 1885. Its non-media business interests include electronics, mobile phones, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages. It owns the Bangladeshi franchises for Pepsi Cola, 7-Up, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut. Type text 24 Bashundhara Groupwww. bg. com. d Bashundara Group owns two influential Bangla language daily newspapers Kaler Kantho and Bangladesh Protidin, and an English language newspaper, The Daily Sun. It also owns the bi-lingual news portal www. BanglaNews24. com not to be confused with the more commonplace w ww. Bdnews24. com The conglomerates media outlets are held through a publishing secondary company called the East West Media Group. Bashundhara Group began life in 1987 as a real estate company. It has since diversified into obtain malls, manufacturing industry and the media. It is a major producer of cement and paper products and bottles and distributes Liquid Petroleum louse up (LPG).The Bashundhara Group website says the conglomerate intends to set up its own TV channel and radio station in due course. The pillar line of the groups newspapers by and large favours the ruling Awami League. Many of their news reports are seen as serving the groups own business interests. Jamuna Groupwww. jamunagroup-bd. com The Jamuna Group publishes the popular Bangla daily Jugantor and is trying to set up a TV station Jamuna TV. The TV station started broadcasting in 2009, but was shut down by the government after 35 days for direct without a licence. Type ext 25 The Jamuna Group was found ed as an industrial manufacturing venture by businessman Nurul Islam in 1974. Today it has interests in electronics, slip and textile manufacturing, construction and chemicals. The conglomerate also owns Jamuna Future Park, one of Bangladeshs largest shopping malls. Jamuna diversified into media with the establishment of Jugantor in 2002. feign Group www. impressgroup. com. bd Impress Group is a textiles, groom manufacturing and pharmaceuticals conglomerate which owns Channel i, one of Bangladeshs most popular private TV channels.Its Impress Telefilm subsidiary also produces TV programmes for other Bangladeshi TV channels, such as BTV, ATN and Ekushey TV. Beximco Group www. beximco. net Beximco is one of the largest diversified industrial groups in Bangladesh Its relatively modest media interests include the English language daily The commutative and the Independent TV channel. Beximcos main business activities include pharmaceuticals, ceramics, textiles, garment manufacturing, real estate, and banking. Type text 26 Beximco was founded in the 1970s by two brothers, Ahmed Sohail Fasiur Rahman and Ahmed Salman Fazlur Rahman.The latter is a close consultant to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed on private sector investment matters. Multi Media end product Company This media group, founded by entrepreneur Mahfuzur Rahman owns two of Bangaldeshs most popular private TV channels ATN Bangla and ATN News. ATN Bangla became Bangladeshs first private TV channel when it started broadcasting by satellite in 1997. Rahman made his initial fortune in the garment manufacturing industry. Diganta Group Diganta Group owns Naya Diganta, a Bangla language daily newspaper, and Diganta TV, a private television channel launched in 2008.Politically this media group is a strong supporter of the Jamaat-e-Islami Islamic fundamentalist party. Square Group The Square Group is a large industrial conglomerate which launched Bangladeshs ne wolfram TV channel, Maasranga TV, in 2011. It h as invested heavily in hiring leading media personalities to run the new station and has spent lavishly on equipping its studios. Type text 27 The Square Group, founded by business magnate Samson Chowdhury, also has interests in pharmaceuticals, textiles, food processing and healthcare. Type text 28 intercommunicate overview tuner audiences in Bangladesh have locomote steadily in recent years as people have turned to television instead. The 2011 Nielsen Mediaand Demographics Survey showed that only 15% of the population still listened to the radio once every s til now to 10 days, down from 36% in 1995. The same scan indicated that 91% of people in urban areas and 67% of people in rural areas now had access to television. piano tuner stations in Bangladesh are still mostly still owned and controlled by the government. The first private radio station, wireless Foorti, only began broadcasting in 2006.By early 2012, there were just five in private owned commercial FM stations on air and the community radio movement was in its infancy. The five private commercial radio stations are all based in Dhaka. They are tuner Foorti piano tuner Today alphabet wireless radio set Aamar Metrowave State-owned Bangladesh Betar is the countrys only nationwide radio network. Type text 29 It operates a chain of 12 regional radio stations which link up with Dhaka for national news bulletins and other networked programmes, positively charged a Traffic Channel for commuters in the capital. Bangladesh Betars broadcasts on Medium pluck and FM reach all parts of the country.However, Bangladesh Betars news and current affairs coverage is tightly controlled by the government and its programmes are often dull and uninspired compared with those of other broadcasters. Repeated pledges by government leaders to transform Bangladesh Betar from a government oral cavity into an independent public service broadcaster have so far come to nothing. Reach of radio (% Population) 45 4 0 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1995 1998 2000 2002 National 2005 Year urban 2006 2008 Rural 2009 2011 (Source NMDS 2011) Type text 30 Most of the private FM stations transmit symphony and entertainment programmes aimed at an urban younker audience.The notable exception is first principle radio set, a talk station which targets a reasonably older audience with a strong diet of news and current affairs. ABC piano tuner is owned by Transcom, the same business group that owns Prothom Alo and The Daily Star, Bangladeshs leading newspapers in Bangla and English respectively. Radio Foort iand Radio Todaybothhave a network of FM put across transmitters in several provincial cities. This gives them broader national coverage. Radio Today also has studios in eigh provincial cites which produce some local programming. Radio Aamar broadasts in Dhaka and Chittangong. ABC Radio and Metro gesture only transmit from Dhaka.According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographics Survey, Radio Foorti is t he most popular FM radio station in Bangladesh, with 47% of the national FM radio audience. It was followed by Radio Today with 28%. The check into found that where listeners have a choice, they regard the private FM stations as being more informative and socialise than Bangladesh Betar. The government has so far licensed 14 community radio stations. The first two went on air in 2011. Type text 31 Although radio ownership has declined in recent years, more and more Bangladeshi radio listeners are tuning into programmes on their mobile phones.In fact, mobile phones have become the preferred method of accessing radio in Bangladesh, especially for young people on the move in search of medication and entertainment. The 2011 Nielsen Survey found that 73% of radio listeners used their mobile phones to tune in to programmes, whereas only 34% listened on a conventional radio set. How Radio Is Accessed (%of listeners) 73 Mobile 34 Radio Others 1 Source Nielsen Media and Demographics Surve y 2011 Several internationalist broadcasters target Bangladesh with broadcasts in Bangla and English.They attract listeners because Bangladesh Betar is viewed by most people as piddling more than a crude mouthpiece of the incumbent government. Type text 32 BBC Bangla, parting of the States (VOA), Radio Deutsche Welle and All India Radio are all respectedas sources of independent news, but they command relatively small audiences. BBC programmes in Bangla and English are relayed on FM by Bangladesh Betars FM 100 station in Dhaka. BBC Bangla programmes are also relayed twice a day by six of the state broadcasters regional stations. Some VOA Bangla programmes are relayed by Radio Today and Radio Aamar.According to the 2011 Nielsen assess, 5% of radio listeners tune in to the BBC, and only 4% to VOA. Radio Deutsche Welle and All India Radio can only be comprehend on Short motion. Their audience figures are even lower. Several internet radio stations have been launched in Banglades h since 2010. These include www. lemon24. com, www. oniyom. com, www. radio2fun. com, www. radiodhaka. net www. radiogoongoon. com. They broadcast popular Bangla songs, and regular news bulletins. However, they only reach relatively moneyed members of the educated elite who have access to the internet and Bangladeshis in the diaspora. Type text 3 companionship radio is only just coming into existence. The first community radio station, RadioLokobetar, began test transmissions in the town of Barguna in Barisal division in June 2011. It is run by the NGO, Mass Line Media nucleus. In October 2011, a second community station, Radio Padma, started broadcasting in Rajshahi. It is run by another NGO, the heart for communion and Development By the end of 2011, the government had issued a total of 14 licences tocommunity radio stations. Two were on air and another four had begun test broadcasts. distributively one is being set up and managed by a different civil society organisati on.The residential area Radio advocacy movement was started in 1998 by a network of NGOs and like-minded civil society organizations called the Bangladesh NGO Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC). This pressure group argued that community radio would help to reduce poverty, eliminate social exclusion, empower marginalized rural groups and encourage the active participation of disadvantaged sections of the population in development. The government authorise the Community Radio Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy 2008 (Bangladesh Gazette, 12 March 2008).The National Regulatory management on transmit subsequently proposed that a total of 116 community radio stations be established across the country. Type text 34 Community radio stations approved by the government in 2011 Sl. nary(prenominal) Name of radio and Frequency (where available) Krishi Radio, 98. 80 megacycle per second Radio Chilmari, 99. 20MHz Lokobetar, 99. 20MHz Name and address of organisation which will run the radio 01 Agriculture Information usefulness (Ministry of Agriculture), Amtoli, Barguna RDRS Bangladesh, Chilmari, Kurigram 02 03Mass-line Media Center, Amtoli Hospital Road, (Kathpatti), Barguna Nalta Hospital Community Health Foundation, Kaliganj, Sathkhira Landless Distressed reformation Organization, Sherpur Road, Bogra BRAC Mathar Kapon, Chandnighat, Moulvibazar Sadar Naogaon Human Rights Development Association, Ukilpara, Naogaon Young world power in Social Action (YPSA), Sitakunda, Chittagong Proyas Manobik Unnayan society, Belepukur, Chapainawabgonj Center for Communication and Development (CCD), Monafer More, Rajshahi Srizony Bangladesh, Pabahati, Jhenidha 04 Radio Nalta, 99. 20MHz Radio Mukti, 99. 0MHz Radio Pollikontho, 99. 20MHz Barendro Radio, 99. 20MHz Radio Sagor Giri, 99. 20 MHz Radio Mahananda, 98. 80MHz Radio Padma, 99. 20MHz Radio Jhinuk, 99. 20MHz Radio Bikrampur 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 surround Council Bangladesh (EC Bangladesh), Dewvogh, Munshiga nj Broadcasting Asia of Bangladesh, Koyra, Khulna 13 Radio Sundarban, 98. 80MHz Radio Naf 14 Alliance for Co-operation and Legal charge Bangladesh (ACLAB), Teknaf, bes Bazar Type text 35 Location of authorised community radio stations Source BNNRC 2011 Type text 36 Radio stations Bangladesh Betar www. betar. rg. bd Bangladesh Betar is the state-run radio network. It is the only radio service that reaches the whole of the country. The flagship Home dish out is broadcast from the main studios in Dhaka. Bangladesh Betar also operates 12 regional stations in the following cities Bandarban Barisal Chittagong Comilla Coxs Bazar Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangamati Rangpur Sylhet Thakurgaon These stations transmit on both FM and Medium totter In addition, Bangladesh Betar runs the Traffic Channelin Dhaka. This broadcasts occupation updates to commuters in the capital on 88. 8 and 103. 2 FM.Most Bangladesh Betar programmes are in Bangla, but some, including several daily news bulletins, are in English. Type text 37 National news bulletins and other networked programmes are transmitted from Dhaka and relayed by the other centres. Some local language news bulletins and programmes are produced in Chakma, Marma and Tipra for the tribes living in the Chittangong Hill Tracts. These are broadcast by the Bangladesh Betar local stations in Bandarban, Rangamati and Coxs Bazar. News bulletins are broadcast every hour. Special programmes for farmers are broadcast daily at 06. 5 in the morning and between 18. 05 and 20. 00 at night. Bangladesh Betar also produces an external service. This broadcasts on Short cockle in Bangla, English, Hindi, Urdu, Arabic and Nepali to Europe, the put East and Asia. Bangladesh Betar started life in 1939 as a regional station of All India Radio, broadcasting from Dhaka. After the partition of India in 1947, it became Radio Pakistan Dhaka. At independence from Pakistan in 1971 Bangladesh Betar assumed its present identity. Bangladesh Betar relays t he BBC World Service in English and BBC Bangla for 12 hours per day on its FM 100 station in Dhaka.BBC Banglas morning and afternoon programmes are also relayed by the Bangladesh Betar local stations in six other cities. Center Dhaka-Ka Dhaka-kha Dhaka-Ga Chittagong Type text Frequency (kHz) 693 630 1170 873 Meter 432. 90 476. 19 256. 41 343. 64 Power (kW) 1000 100 20 100 Broadcast epoch(Local) 0630-1210 and 14302330 0000-0300, 0630-0745 and 0900-2310 1500-1700 0630-1000 and 12002310 38 1080 Rajshahi 846 Khulna Rangpur Sylhet Barisal Thakurgaon Rangamati Coxs Bazar Bandarban Comilla 558 1053 963 1287 999 1161 1314 1431 1413 354. 60 537. 63 284. 90 311. 52 233. 10 300. 30 258. 9 228. 31 209. 64 212. 31 100 100 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 277. 77 10 0630-1000 and 12002310 0630-1000 and 12002310 0630-1000 and 12002310 0630-1000 and 14002310 0630-1000 and 14002310 1045-1715 1550-2310 1130-1630 1145-1645 1130-1630 1600-2310 Bangladesh Betar Medium Wave transmitters Source Bangladesh Betar w ebsite Center FM100, Dhaka FM, Dhaka FM 88. 8, Traffic Channel FM 90. 0, Traffic Channel FM (Home Service), Dhaka FM, Chittagong FM, Khulna FM, Sylhet FM, Rajshahi FM, Rangpur Type text Frequency (MHz) 100. 0 97. 6 88. 8 90. 0 103. 2 105. 5 102. 0 105. 0 104. 0 105. 0 105. Meter 3. 00 3. 07 3. 38 3. 33 2. 9 2. 85 2. 94 2. 86 2. 88 2. 86 2. 86 Power (KW) 3 5 10 10 5 2 1 1 5 1 1 Broadcast Time 1300-1600 0630-1200 1415-2315 0800-2000 0800-2000 1730-2200 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 0630-1000 1900-2310 39 FM, Comilla FM, Thakurgoan 101. 2 92. 0 2. 96 3. 26 2 5 0630-1000 1700-2310 1600-2310 Bangladesh Betar FM broadcasts Source Bangladesh Betar website managing director General (news)- Narayan Chandra Sen Tel +880 2 8115072 +880 2 8113356 +880 2 8115079 +880 2 8115036 telecommunicateemailprotected et cover Bangladesh Betar, Agargaon, Dhaka-1207 Radio Foorti www. radiofoorti. fm Radio Foorti is the largest private r adio station in Bangladesh. It broadcasts on 88. 0 FM in Dhaka and reaches a large audience in the interior through relay stations in the following vii provincial cities Barisal Chittagong (98. 4 FM) Type text 40 Coxs Bazar Khulna Mymensingh Rajshahi Sylhet(89. 8 FM) According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographics Survey, Radio Foorti commands a 47% share of the total FM radio audience in Bangladesh. Most of its programming consists of euphony and entertainment.The station plays a wide pattern of music, ranging from Bengali classics to the current songs released by top Bangladeshi artists, along with some international tracks. Many programmes are inter-active, relaying phone calls and text messages from listeners. The station first went on in Dhaka in 2006. Since then its FM coverage has progressively been extended to other major cities. Radio Foorti is owned by the MGH Group. This is also has interests in transport, logistics, aviation services, banking and information tec hnology. Chief administrator -Daniel Afzalur Rahman Tel +880 2 8835747 +880 2 8835748 email Daniel. emailprotected m steer Radio Foorti, Landmark (8 floor), 12-14 Gulshan North C/A, Gulshan-2, Dhaka-1212 th Radio Today 89. 6 FM www. radiotodaybd. fm Type text 41 Radio Today is a music and entertainment station that broadcasts on FM from Dhaka and heptad other cities across Bangladesh. It claims to reach a potential audience of more than 120 million people across the country. Radio Today plays popular Bangladeshi music. It has subsidiary stations which produce several hours of local programming each day in the following provincial cities Bogra Chittagong Khulna Sylhet Barisal Coxs Bazar Mymensingh All broadcast on the same frequency 89. 6 FM.Radio Today is owned by Radio Broadcasting FM (Bangladesh) Co. Ltd. , a company controlled by a businessman with strong connections with the opposition Bangladesh National Party (BNP). It first went on air in 2006. Type text 42 The station a lso rebroadcasts two news bulletins per day from Voice of America (VOA) Bangla. Chief News Editor Rashidul Islam Tel + 880 2 8829293 email emailprotected com solicit Radio Today, Awal Centre (13th and 19th Floors), 34 Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka-121 3 Radio Aamarwww. radioaamar. com Radio Aamar is a private radio station that broadcasts round the clock on 88. 4 FM in Dakhaand 101. FM in Chittagong. It carries news, traffic and weather updates, business news, Bangla and English music and phone-in programmes. It also relays 30 minutes of programming from Voice of America (VOA) Banglaevery level. Radio Aamar began broadcasting in 2007. The station is owned by the Uniwave Broadcasting Co. Ltd Type text 43 Chief Executive Zulfiquer Ahmed Tel + 880 2 9886800 +880 2 9861133 +880 2 8832989 Address Uniwave Broadcasting Company Ltd. , Silver jerk (12th Floor), 52 GulshanAvenue, Dhaka ABC Radio FM 89. 2 http//abcradiobd. fm ABC Radio is Bangladeshs only privately operated news and current affairs radio station.It is based in Dhaka and covers a potential audience of 40 million people living within 80 km of the capital. ABC Radio is owned by Transcom, the industrial conglomerate which also publishes two of Bangladeshs leading newspapers Prothom Alo and The Daily Star. This linkage gives ABC Radio access to the newspapers network of more than 240 reporters and correspondents countrywide. ABC radio was launched in 2009 and is on air 24 hours a day. There are news bulletins every hour. According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey, ABC Radio reaches 13% of all FM radio listeners. Type text 44It can be heard clearly as far south as Comilla and Chandpur, as far north as Tangail and as far west as Faridpur. Head of News M. Sanaullah Tel +880 2 8142038 +880 2 8189307-10 e-mail emailprotected fm emailprotected fm Address ABC Radio, 99 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka Trade Center, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka MetroWave www. metrowave-bd. com MetroWave is a pri vate music and entertainment radio station based in Dhaka. Under the wrong of its broadcasting license, the station is required to relay some government news programmes and speeches by the Prime Minister and President. MetroWave is on air on 1170 Khz Medium Wave from 07. 0 until 10. 30 and again from 12. 00 to 15. 00. Its does not appear to broadcast on FM. Managing Director Emran Mahmud Tel + 880 2 9881131 Email emailprotected com Type text 45 Address MetroWave, Electros house (9th floor), 18 Kamal Araturk avenue, Banani, Dhaka BBC Bangla www. bbc. co. uk/Bengali BBC Bangla is the Bengali language service of the BBC. It is aimed at Bengali speakers in both Bangladesh and India. BBC Bangla broadcasts to Bangladesh on Short Wave and FM for two hours per day and online through its website. Programming consists of news, current affairs, sports, entertainment and sermon programmes.From 2005 to 2010, BBC Bangla broadcast a weekly TV and radio handling programme called Sanglap (Dialo gue)in association with Bangladeshs Channel i satellite TV station. This popular programme aimed to initiate constructive public debate and encourage greater responsibility from government and authority figures. It brought ordinary people face-to-face with influential politicians and business leaders and gives them an opportunity to ask questions about issues that matterto them. Sanglap was broadcast from different locations around Bangladesh and claimed a regular audience of 21 million. Type text 46 Itsinspired several other private TV stations in Bangladesh to launch same raillery programmes BBC Bangla is relayed on FM by Bangledesh Betar in Dhaka on its FM 100station. This also relays BBC World Service in English for 10 hours per day. In addition, BBC Bangla is relayed by the Bangladesh Betar local FM stations in Chittagong(105. 0 FM) Khulna(105. 4 FM) Rajshahi(105. 4 FM) Sylhet(105. 0 FM) Rangpur(105. 4 FM) Comilla(101. 2 FM) Since 2010 BBC Bangla has also offered a dial-in n ews update service to mobile phone users on Bangladeshs three largest mobile phone networks.By dialing the short code 16262 members of the public can listen to a recording of the latest BBC headlines in Bangla at any time of day and leave their own comments if they wish. The news headlines are updated every hour. BBC Bangla has journalists based in Dhaka, Kolkata and Delhi. BBC Dhaka say-so Tel +88 2 9130996 +88 2 9130997 +88 2 9130672 Type text 47 Address, BBC, Dhanshiri Apartments, straightaway No. D 602, 35 Indira Road, Tejgaon, Dhaka1215 BBC Bangla Editor Sabir Mustafa Telephone +44 20 7557 1840 Email emailprotected co. k Address BBC Bangla Service, Bush House, PO Box 76, Strand, LondonWC2B 4PH, UK Voice of America (VOA) www. voanews. com/bangla/news VOA Bangla is the Bengali language service of the US international radio station Voice of America (VOA). It transmits to Bangladesh and India on Short Wave for seven hours per week. In 2009 VOA Bangla said its radio broadcasts to Bangladesh reached 2. 6 million people and that its boilersuit audience, including TV and the internet, was 10 million. VOA Bangla produces a 10-12 minute TV programme every week which is aired by the Bangladeshi private satellite broadcaster NTV.Two of VOA Banglas daily radio news bulletins are relayed on FM in Bangladesh by Radio Today from transmitters in the following cities Barisal Type text 48 Bogra Chittagong Coxs Bazar Dhaka Khulna Mymensingh Sylhet Radio Aamar also broadcasts a 30-minute instalment of VOA Bangla programming at 22. 00 every evening from its transmitters in Dhaka and Chittagong. In addition, Radio Aamar broadcasts VOA Banglas one-hour call-in show how-do-you-do Washington every Wednesday. VOA Bangla Managing Editor Roquia Haider Email emailprotected om Address VOA Bangla Service, 330 Independence Avenue, Washington, DC 20457 Type text 49 Television overview Over the past hug drug television has emerged as the most powerful channel of news and entertainmen t in Bangladesh. It has displaced radio and newspapers to become the countrys main source of reliable information. The 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey found that 84% of urban households and 43% of rural households in Bangladesh owned a television set. The same survey showed that 74% of Bangladeshis aged 15 and over watch television at least once every seven to 10 days.The rise of television has been stimulated by a boom in private TV channels, since ATN Bangla became the first private commercial TV station to receive a license in 1997. Seventeen private TV channels have begun broadcasting to Bangladesh by satellite and cable since then. They generally provide more attractive and socialise programmes than the state-run Bangladesh Television (BTV) network. Type text 50 However, BTV has maintained a strong hold on viewing audience in rural areas since it is the only TV network that broadcasts free-to-air from global transmitters.The 2011 Nielsen survey showed that 83% of T V owners in urban areas have access to private TV channels via satellite or cable, but whereas only 39% of TV owners in the countryside do so. However, more and more rural households with access to some form of electricity supply are acquiring satellite dishes. As a result, BTVs former monopoly of rural television audiences is being gradually eroded. major planet TV channels broadcasting from India in Hindi and Bengali are popular for their soap operas, films and sports coverage. ETV Bangla, an Indian satellite channel based in Kolkata,ZTV, Star Plus, Sony TV, and z Cinema are among the most popular Indian entertainment channels. Doordarshan, BBC, CNN, and ETV Bangla, are popular satellite channels for news. TV channels charge the highest rates for advertising between 19. 00 and 23. 00, suggesting that this is also the peak viewing period. day TV audiences mainly consist of housewives reflection soap operas. When their menfolk come home from work in the evening, the TV set is oft en switched over to news and sports channels. There are no dedicated sports channels in Bangladesh, but televised football and cricket matches carried by foreign channels are very popular. Type text 51 Talk shows have become popular in the past three years, in response to the popularity of the BBC Bangla TV give-and-take programme BBC Sanglap. This ran from 2005 to 2010 on Channel i. Every TV channel now broadcasts at least one talk show per week and these programmes cause gigantic debate nationally. Some TV discussion programmes have been criticised for promoting the views of a particular political party or the channels owner, but others are very professionally produced and presented. There are two private TV channels devoted completely to news ATN News and Shomoy.Most of the other TV channels broadcast a motley of news, talk shows, reality shows, music shows, dramas, movies and other forms of entertainment. The majority broadcast hourly news bulletins throughout the day and a flagship news show in the evening. Most also air programmes about development issues such as health, agriculture, and education. Islamic TV, however, carries only apparitional news and discussions. Viewers in the main cities can access more than 70 TV channels by cable. There are hundreds of different cable networks in Bangladesh. Monthly cable subscriptions cost between 150 and 500 Taka, ($2. to $6. 50). They can easily be afforded by a heart and soul-income family. Type text 52 The extension of mains power supplies, solar power and the availability of low cost TV sets have substantially increased access to television over the past decade. travel incomes and the emergence of a large middle class have meanwhile made commercial television, based on the deal of advertising, extremely profitable. Many of Bangladeshs private TV channels have been set up by the countrys largest industrial conglomerates such as Beximco, Square Group and Impress Group.Many of these business groups als o own newspapers. In early 2012, there were three state-run TV channels and 16 private channels on air in Bangladesh. Government licenses had been granted for a further six private channels. According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey, ATN-Bangla and Channel-iare the most popular TV channels overall. However, individual programmes on other channels may have higher ratings at certain times of day. The Nielsen survey identified ATN Banglas evening news as the most watched TV programme in the country.It rated NTV as the third most popular station. It has three channels which broadcast a mixture of news, entertainment, reality shows and discussion programmes. People in rural areas without access to satellite connections have no option other than state-run terrestrial channel BTV. Type text 53 BTV is Bangladeshs largest TV station in terms of its studios, staff, equipment and countrywide coverage. It claims that its terrestrial broadcasts cover 95% of the population. BTVs flagship national channel is broadcast from studios in Dhaka.It is normally on air for 18 hours a day. BTVs regional studios in Chittagong produce a small amount of regional news and programming for Southeastern Bangladesh. This replaces national network programming in Chittagong for up to two hours every night. In January 2011 BTV launched a third parliamentary channel, BTV Sangsad. This broadcasts proceedings from parliament and discussion programmes about important national topics. The channel is on air for three hours per day whenever parliament is in session. BTV also runs an international channel, BTV World.This broadcasts by satellite 24 hours a day to Asia, Australasia and the Middle East. Terrestrial TV channels can easily be taken off air by the authorities as Ekushey TV detect to its cost in 2002. Ekushey was shut down for four years by an submission Bangladesh National Party (BNP) government which perceived the station as being overtly in favour of the opposition Awa mi League. It only resumed broadcasting on satellite in 2006 Ekusheys experience has made other TV channels wary of terrestrial broadcasting. Type text 54Unlike radio stations, which are licensed by the Ministry of Information, TV channels in Bangladesh are regulated by the Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (BTRC). They require a permission to broadcast letter from the Ministry of Information, but BTRC issues their license. Television stations Bangladesh Television (BTV) www. btv. gov. bd Bangladesh TV (BTV) is the national state TV network. Its main channel is the most watched TV channel in Bangladesh, mostly because it is the only TV channel that can be received without a satellite dish in rural areas.BTV claims that its transmitter network covers 95% of the population. Its main channel is on air for 18 hours per day from 07. 00 to 01. 00. BTV also operates a small regional television station in the South-eastern port city of Chittagong. This broadcasts up to tw o hours of local programmes in the evening. In 2004, BTV launched an international satellite channel BTV World. This broadcasts round the clock and can be seen throughout Asia and the Middle East. Its latest venture is a parliamentary channel, BTV Sangsad. Type text 55Launched in January 2011, BTV Sangsad broadcasts for three hours per day whenever parliament is in session. It carries parliamentary debates and discussion programmes on topics of national importance. Most BTV programmes are in Bangla, but some are in English. According to the 2011 Nielsen Media and Demographic Survey, the proportion of TV viewers who tune in to BTV is higher in rural areas (92%) than in urban areas (80%). However, the same survey indicated that BTVs audience has declined across the board in recent years in the face of competition from private TV channels.The Nielsen survey ranked Ittyadi, a magazine entertainment programme as BTVs most popular programme. BTVs flagship evening news programme in Bangla scores high ratings and its Friday night movies are also very popular. State television started broadcasting in East Pakistan in 1964. BTV was created after Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan in 1971. BTV has transmitters in Dhaka and Chittagong and relay stations in the following locations Natore Sylhet Khulna Rangpur Mymenshingh Rangamati Noakhali Type text 56Shatkhira Jhenidah Thakurgaon Brahmanbaria Patuakhali Rajshahi Ukhia Type text 57 BTV transmitters and relay stations Source BTV website Type text 58 Director General Kazi Abu Zafar Muhammad Hasan Siddiqi Tel +880 2 9330131-9 +880 2 9330036-39 Email emailprotected gov. bd emailprotected net. bd Address Bangladesh Television, Television Bhaban, Rampura, Dhaka-1219 BTV Chittagong www. btv. gov. bd, BTVs Chittagong sub-station airs its own, locally produced programmes from 17. 30 to 19. 10 pm every day. This segment of local programming includes a 10-minute regional news bulletin.The Chittagong studios also produce short dramas and cultural programmes. Their quality is said to have improved since 2010. General Manager BTV Chittagong Tel +880 31 611751 Email emailprotected gov. bd Address BTV, 27, Nasirabad Housing Society, Road No. 3, Chittagong BTV Worldwww. btv. gov. bd, BTV World is the international satellite channel of BTV. It began broadcasting in 2004 and is on air 24 hours a day. Type text 59 Most of it the programmes are identical to those of BTVs municipal service broadcast by terrestrial transmitters. BTV World is broadcast on AsiaSat 3S.Its trace extends from the Sea of Japan in the east to Cyprus in the West, and from New Zealand-Australia in the South to Siberia in the North. Director General Kazi Abu Zafar Mohammad Hassan Siddiqui Tel +880 2 933 0131-6 +880 2 933 0036-8 Email emailprotected gov. bd Address BTV World, TV Bhaban, Rampura, Dhaka-1219 , Sangsad TVwww. btv.